Groove Time October 29, 2013 What part of the world did the Vikings come from? What did Vikings do during the 9 th and 10 th centuries? What was valued in Viking society? Who were the first settlers of North America and when did they arrive?
The Crusades October 29, 2013
The Crusades Religious conflicts between Christians and Muslims in the Middle Ages War against the “infidels” or unbeliever
Knight Templars Most skilled Christian fighters Protect Christian pilgrims in the Holy Land Provided both knights and money to fund the Crusades
First Crusade, CE Byzantine Emperor Alexius I asked Pope Urban II for help against the Turks in 1096 Mostly French Attracted by religion, adventure and wealth Holy city of Jerusalem taken by army
Second Crusade, CE Cities recaptured by Muslims The Church calls for another “crusade” Total failure for Christians
Third Crusade, CE Reaction to fall of the Holy City of Jerusalem in 1187 Led by leaders of Germany, England and France Ended with agreement that Christians are allowed access to city but city remained under Muslim rule
Fourth Crusade, CE Set out to reclaim Muslim-controlled Jerusalem Got distracted in Constantinople Sacked the (Orthodox) Christian city “There was never a greater crime against humanity than the Fourth Crusade.”
Children’s Crusade, 1212 Nicholas of Cologne says God has told him to lead a Children’s Crusade to Jerusalem Thousands of young people follow to Italy
Effects of Crusades Helped stabilize European society Development of centralized governments Monarchs began to expand their powers Growth in religious enthusiasm Laid the groundwork for the Inquisition
Effects on Relations Solidified schism between Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christians Merchants were more inclined to trade with Middle East
Ottoman Empire October 30, 2013
Intro Late 13 th century, a group of Turks in the NW corner of Anatolia Peninsula begin Ottoman Empire. Expand to Western Asia, North Africa and Europe Reached its height under Süleyman ( )
Ottoman Rule “Gunpowder empire” – outside conquerors unified the conquered regions Successful due to military strength/technology Sultan: supreme political and military leader Hereditary Advised by imperial counsel Pashas: local rulers
Religion Sunni Muslims Sultan responsible for guiding flock and maintaining Islamic law Tolerant of non-Muslims Paid taxes but allowed to worship
Society Ruling class Merchants Artisans Peasants Pastoral peoples Sultan owned all the land
Culture Exchange of Western and Ottoman ideas Patrons of the arts Textiles, arms/armor and architecture (Mosques)
Fall of Ottoman Empire Trade with Europe led to weakened Ottoman economy Military failure in Vienna shows weakness Expanding divide between upper and lower classes