 King of the Franks---Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire  United many tribes into one kingdom  Promoted Christianity  Helped to spread education; promoted education

 Lords valued LOYALTY most in their knights

 Lords gave their knights FIEFS, or pieces of land, in exchange for their service.

A verbal or written agreement consisting of obligations of both the lord and the vassal.

 Peasants were willing to become serfs and work on manors in order to SURVIVE and be PROTECTED from barbarian tribes like VIKINGS!

 A rich and powerful land-owning person in the Middle Ages.

 Both pledged LOYALTY to their lords

 In the Middle Ages, the teachings of the Church gave people HOPE and provided ORDER in difficult times.  People feared EXCOMMUNICATION, and wanted to get into Heaven, so they did everything the Church asked of them.

 To be cast out from the Church  If a person was excommunicated, it was believed they would not get into Heaven.

 The Pope wanted to be famous for making the Holy Land Christian again  Peasants wanted to leave the manor and go on an adventure  Knights wanted to be famous and get rich

 The Crusaders encountered the Muslims or the Islamic people on their quest to regain control of the Holy Land.

 Trade between Europe and Asia increases  New products from the Middle East were introduced into markets in Europe  The Silk Road—trade route connecting Europe and Asia reopened

 The Crusaders were not prepared to fight in the dry, desert climate  Poor leadership and organization

 Math—algebra and trigonometry  Hospitals  Medical Encyclopedias with new treatments  Pharmacies  New treatments for eye conditions/eye surgeries  Islamic calendar  Astrolabe

 The Black Death was a plague that caused 1/3 of Europe’s population to decline between

 Skilled workers (blacksmiths, tailors, candlemakers, bakers, etc.) wanted to leave the manor and move to towns in order to join a guild and earn money.

 Skilled craftsmen moved to towns, joined guilds, and became merchants that traded and sold their goods for money.

 The Right to a Trial by a Jury is found in both the Magna Carta and the U.S. Constitution.

 The Magna Carta limited the power of the king and gave more rights to the people. This led to a more democratic society in England and led to the U.S. creating a system where the people’s rights are protected under the law.

 The peasants believed that Joan was chosen by God to lead France to independence against the English.

 The Church believed that Joan was a heretic — someone going against church teachings.