Ecology Review Science Department Ms. Martinez rev. 04/11

1. Define Ecology Standard 6a

1. Define Ecology how organisms interact with their environment and each other how organisms interact with their environment and each other Standard 6a

2. Define Biodiversity

the different species in a given area the different species in a given area

3. Explain how biodiversity can affect the stability/resilience of an ecosystem

A great diversity of species increases the chance that at least some organisms survive major changes in the environment

4. What are the three main ways ecosystems can be altered? Standard 6b

4. What are the three main ways ecosystems can be altered? Major disasters Major disasters Species introduced to a area Species introduced to a area Change in Climate Change in Climate Standard 6b

5. How is biodiversity related to these alterations?

high biodiversity--organism survival is high high biodiversity--organism survival is high low biodiversity--organism survival is low low biodiversity--organism survival is low

5a. What is succession?

a series of environmental changes

5b. Look at the figure to the right. Explain what may have happened over time change this habitat from a pond to a meadow.

succession

5c. The graph below illustrates the fluctuation of a population of animals. Briefly explain what the graph shows.

The carrying capacity represents the largest number of individuals that a given environment can support.

6. Define immigration Standard 6c

6. Define immigration the movement of individuals into an area (causes a population to grow) the movement of individuals into an area (causes a population to grow) Standard 6c

7. Define emigration

the movement of individuals out of an area (causes a population to decrease) the movement of individuals out of an area (causes a population to decrease)

8. How do the number of deaths and emigrations over time change a population size?

Population decreases Population decreases

9. How do the number of births and immigrations over time change a population size?

Population increases Population increases

10. Describe how birth, death, immigration and emigrations rates affect a population’s net growth ?

Birthrate Immigration Deathrate Emigration Population INCREASES: Birthrate Immigration Deathrate Emigration Population DECREASES:

11. Define Biogeochemical Cycle Standard 6d

11. Define Biogeochemical Cycle is how nutrients are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another. is how nutrients are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another. Standard 6d

12. Briefly describe the main parts of the water cycle Condensation

Condensation-- Condensation-- Water changes from a gas to a liquid

12. Briefly describe the main parts of the water cycle Precipitation

Precipitation-- Precipitation-- When the droplets get large enough, they fall to Earth’s surface

12. Briefly describe the main parts of the water cycle Transpiration

Transpiration--evaporation of water from the leaves of plants. Transpiration--evaporation of water from the leaves of plants.

12. Briefly describe the main parts of the water cycle Evaporation

Evaporation--liquid water changes to a gas. Evaporation--liquid water changes to a gas.

12. Briefly describe the main parts of the water cycle Runoff Runoff Seepage Seepage

12. Briefly describe the main parts of the water cycle Runoff—water runs along the ground until it returns to a body of water. Runoff—water runs along the ground until it returns to a body of water. Seepage—water goes into the soil Seepage—water goes into the soil

13. Briefly describe the main parts of the carbon cycle: a. In what form is carbon found in the atmosphere ?

13. Briefly describe the main parts of the carbon cycle: a. In what form is carbon found in the atmosphere ? carbon dioxide gas, CO 2. gas, CO 2.

13. Briefly describe the main parts of the carbon cycle: b. How does carbon get taken up by living organisms?

13. Briefly describe the main parts of the carbon cycle: b. How does carbon get taken up by living organisms? Plants—from the air Organisms—by eating plants plants

13. Briefly describe the main parts of the carbon cycle: c. What role does decomposition play in the carbon cycle?

13. Briefly describe the main parts of the carbon cycle: c. What role does decomposition play in the carbon cycle? Carbon is broken down and returned to the ground Carbon is broken down and returned to the ground

13. Briefly describe the main parts of the carbon cycle: d. List the three main ways carbon is returned to the atmosphere?

13. Briefly describe the main parts of the carbon cycle: d. List the three main ways carbon is returned to the atmosphere? Respiration Volcanic Activity Human Activity

13. Briefly describe the main parts of the carbon cycle: e. What happens when too much carbon dioxide is released back into the atmosphere?

13. Briefly describe the main parts of the carbon cycle: e. What happens when too much carbon dioxide is released back into the atmosphere? Global Warming

14. Briefly describe the main parts of the nitrogen cycle: A. Nitrogen fixation

14. Briefly describe the main parts of the nitrogen cycle: A. Nitrogen fixation A. Nitrogen fixation –How bacteria convert N 2 from the atmosphere to ammonia (NH 3 )

14. Briefly describe the main parts of the nitrogen cycle: B. Why does nitrogen fixation have to occur?

14. Briefly describe the main parts of the nitrogen cycle: B. Why does nitrogen fixation have to occur? B. Why does nitrogen fixation have to occur? –for the plants to use

14. Briefly describe the main parts of the nitrogen cycle: C. How does nitrogen get into the living portion of an ecosystem?

14. Briefly describe the main parts of the nitrogen cycle: C. How does nitrogen get into the living portion of an ecosystem? C. How does nitrogen get into the living portion of an ecosystem? -Animals eat plants or plant-eating animals

14. Briefly describe the main parts of the nitrogen cycle: D. How is nitrogen returned to the non-living portion of the ecosystem?

14. Briefly describe the main parts of the nitrogen cycle: D. How is nitrogen returned to the non- living portion of the ecosystem? D. How is nitrogen returned to the non- living portion of the ecosystem? Denitrification: When organisms die, decomposers return nitrogen to the soil. Denitrification: When organisms die, decomposers return nitrogen to the soil.

15. What is the original source of most energy in an ecosystem? Standard 6e

15. What is the original source of most energy in an ecosystem? The Sun The Sun Standard 6e

16. Define Producer

Organisms that use the energy of the sun to produce organic compounds Organisms that use the energy of the sun to produce organic compounds

17. Define Autotroph

Another term for producer Another term for producer

18. Define Consumer:

get their energy from eating other organisms get their energy from eating other organisms

19. Define Heterotroph

Another term for consumer Another term for consumer

20. Define Decomposer

Organisms that break down living or dead matter into smaller molecules Organisms that break down living or dead matter into smaller molecules

21. Define Herbivore

animals that only eat producers animals that only eat producers

22. Define Carnivore

meat eating organisms meat eating organisms

23. Define Detritivore

Organisms that only break down waste Organisms that only break down waste

24. In the food chain below, label the producers, primary, secondary and tertiary consumers.

25. What is the diagram below called? Standard 6f

25. What is the diagram below called? Food Web Standard 6f

25. Draw a line under the producers.

25. * Draw a line under the producers.

25. * Circle all primary consumers.

25. * Draw a square around all secondary consumers.

25. * Put a star next to all tertiary consumers.

26. Explain what the energy pyramid below shows. Be specific in explaining the amount of energy passed on and lost at each level of the pyramid

It shows how the amount of useful energy that enters each level It shows how the amount of useful energy that enters each leveldecreases -As you step up, energy is lost. Only the stored energy is passed on.

27. How much energy (kcal) would be passed onto the Bass at the top of this energy pyramid?

10% of 100 = 10kCal 10% of 100 = 10kCal