Ecology SCI.9-12.B-6 - [Standard] - The student will demonstrate an understanding of the interrelationships among organisms and the biotic and abiotic components of their environments. 1

SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] – Illustrate the flow of energy through ecosystems (including food chains, food webs, energy pyramids,number pyramids, and biomass pyramids). copyright cmassengale2

3 Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem Food Chains, Food Webs, Energy Pyramids copyright cmassengale

4 ALL ENERGY Begins with the SUNBegins with the SUN With PhotosynthesisWith Photosynthesis 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + sunlight & chlorophyll  C6H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 copyright cmassengale

5Photosynthesis DO NOT COPY Chemical reaction where green plants use water & carbon dioxide to store the sun’s energy in glucose Chemical reaction where green plants use water & carbon dioxide to store the sun’s energy in glucose ENERGY is stored in glucose ENERGY is stored in glucose Glucose is stored as starch in plants Glucose is stored as starch in plants copyright cmassengale

6 Organisms that can make glucose during photosynthesis are called Organisms that can make glucose during photosynthesis are called PRODUCERS. copyright cmassengale

7 Producers use most of the energy they make for themselves. copyright cmassengale

8 Producers use cellular respiration to supply the energy they need to live. copyright cmassengale

9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION is the chemical reaction that releases the energy in glucose.It makes energy in the form of ATP. 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 --> 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + energy copyright cmassengale

10 The energy that is not used by producers can be passed on to organisms that cannot make their own energy. copyright cmassengale

11 Organisms that cannot make their own energy are called CONSUMERS. copyright cmassengale

There are 4 general types of consumers: Herbivores eat only plants Carnivores eat only animals Omnivores eat plant and animals Decomposers break down decaying organisms

Herbivores Zebras eat grass. They are herbivores. Cows are herbivores.

Herbivores Hippos are herbivores. Rhinos are herbivores.

Carnivores Lions definitely eat meat! Not all carnivores have razor sharp teeth.

16 Consumers that eat producers to get energy: Are primary consumers copyright cmassengale

SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] – Illustrate the flow of energy through ecosystems (including food chains, food webs, energy pyramids,number pyramids, and biomass pyramids). copyright cmassengale17

18 A Consumer that Eats Another Consumer for Energy: Is called a secondary consumer Is called a secondary consumer May be a carnivore or a omnivore May be a carnivore or a omnivore May be a predator May be a predator May be a scavenger May be a scavenger copyright cmassengale

19 A consumer that eats a consumer that already ate a consumer: Is called a tertiary consumer Is called a tertiary consumer May be a carnivore, a omnivore, predator or a scavenger May be a carnivore, a omnivore, predator or a scavenger

20 Consumers that eat other dead consumers are called scavengers

21 The transfer of energy from the sun to producer to primary consumer then to higher order consumers can be shown in a FOOD CHAIN.

A lot of the energy is lost as heat, but some energy is stored and can passed on to another consumer. **10% rule – only 10% of the energy at one level is transferred to the next level. 22

23 More Food Chains

24 Food Webs: Are interconnected food chains Are interconnected food chains They show the feeding relationships in an ecosystem They show the feeding relationships in an ecosystem

25 Food Chains Show Available Energy

26 Another way of showing the transfer of energy in an ecosystem is the ENERGY PYRAMID

27 Energy Pyramids Show Amount of available energy decreases for higher consumers Amount of available energy decreases for higher consumers It takes a large number of producers to support a small number of primary consumers It takes a large number of producers to support a small number of primary consumers It takes a large number of primary consumers to support a small number of secondary consumers It takes a large number of primary consumers to support a small number of secondary consumers

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30 How Many Chains are in this web? copyright cmassengale

31 Identify the Producers, Consumers, & Decomposers: Count the Food Chains! copyright cmassengale

We can show what goes on with the help of a Food Web

What would happen if a disease killed off many of the hawks?

There will be nothing to eat the snakes, so their numbers will increase.

All the frogs get eaten

No frogs. More crickets

Most of the cattail gets eaten by the crickets

Now the crickets don’t have enough food so their numbers go down

.. and so on. Numbers of each species have an effect on the numbers of the other species in the web.

SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] – Illustrate the flow of energy through ecosystems (including food chains, food webs, energy pyramids,number pyramids, and biomass pyramids). copyright cmassengale40

41 What is ecological succession?

SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Illustrate the processes of succession in ecosystems. copyright cmassengale42

copyright cmassengale43 This series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time is called ecological succession. Sometimes, an ecosystem changes in response to an abrupt disturbance. At other times, changes occur gradually. There are two types: primary and secondary.

copyright cmassengale44 Primary Succession On land, succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists is called primary succession. For example, primary succession occurs on rock surfaces formed after volcanoes erupt. The first species to populate the area are called pioneer species.

copyright cmassengale45 The first organisms are always plants!! Autotrophs that make their own food Then small animals (bugs) come in. Then larger plants, then larger animals.

In this example, a volcanic eruption has destroyed the previous ecosystem. copyright cmassengale46

The first organisms to appear are lichens. copyright cmassengale47

Mosses soon appear, and grasses take root in the thin layer of soil copyright cmassengale48

Eventually, tree seedlings and shrubs sprout among the plant community. copyright cmassengale49

Secondary Succession All or part of an ecosystem can be changed by natural events, such as fires. When the disturbance is over, community interactions that replace the ecosystem to its original condition are called secondary succession.(Think of this as a replacement community.) copyright cmassengale50

SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Illustrate the processes of succession in ecosystems. copyright cmassengale51

Population-all of the individuals of a species that live together in one place at one time. Demography-the statistical study of populations. It is used to predict how the size of a population will change.

SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Explain how populations are affected by limiting factors (including density-dependent, density-independent, abiotic, and biotic factors). copyright cmassengale53

copyright cmassengale54 Population size 1. Population size – is the number of individuals in a population. – has an important effect on the ability of the population to survive. Carrying Capacity – number of organisms an ecosystem can support (don’t copy) A small population is more likely to become extinct: -in the case of random events or natural disaster -due to inbreeding where the population is more genetically alike. Recessive traits are more likely to appear. -with reduced variability it is harder to adapt to changes. KEY FEATURES OF POPULATIONS

copyright cmassengale55 Population density 2. Population density – the number of individuals in a given area. – if they are too far apart they may only rarely encounter one another resulting in little reproduction.

Carrying capacity – The number of organisms that an environment can support. This can change if the environment changes. copyright cmassengale56

Exponential growthLogistic Growth copyright cmassengale57

Normal carrying capacity Carrying capacity changed over time due to a change in the environment. copyright cmassengale58

KEY FEATURES OF POPULATIONS, con’t Population size is limited by: density-dependent factors density-dependent factors Biotic factors DiseaseCompetitionPredatorsParasitesFoodCrowding The greater the population, the greater effect these factors have. Ex. Black plague in the Middle Ages – more deaths in cities density-independent factors abiotic factors abiotic factors Volcanic eruptions TemperatureStormsFloodsDrought Chemical pesticides Major habitat disruption (as in the New Orleans flooding) Most are abiotic factors

SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Exemplify the role of organisms in the geochemical cycles (including the cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and water).

Cycles of Matter A.Recycling in the Biosphere B.The Water Cycle C.Nutrient Cycles 1.The Carbon Cycle 2.The Nitrogen Cycle 3. The Phosphorus Cycle

*Energy is not the only thing that moves through the ecosystem. Atoms are never destroyed... only transformed. Take a deep breath. The atoms you just inhaled may have been inhaled by a dinosaur millions of years ago. ENERGY & MATTER

4 ATOMS make up 95% of the body in most organisms CARBON HYDROGEN OXYGEN NITROGEN The same molecules are passed around again and again within the biosphere in ___________________________ BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

WATER CYCLE WATER CYCLE = ___________________ HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT? building blocks of c Makes up 60-70% of your body Oxygen and Hydrogen are found in all the ________________________: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids Hydrogen in H 2 O supplies protons (H + ) & electrons for_______________ ells photosynthesis

WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT? Water is a good _________________ Many molecules dissolve in water so it provides a place for chemical reactions to happen Water doesn’t change temperature easily so it helps with __________________ SOLVENT HOMEOSTASIS

WATER CYCLE evaporation condensation

The return of water to the surface in the form of rain, snow, sleet, hail, etc. = ____________________ The evaporation of water from the surface of plant leaves = ________________ TRANSPIRATION PRECIPITATION

PH ONLINE LINK Put in code: cbp-2033 Choose Start Image edited from: WATER CYCLE

Terms for water cycle Precipitation Evaporation Transpiration Condensation Runoff

CARBON CYCLE CO 2 in atmosphere CO 2 in ocean BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Exemplify the role of organisms in the geochemical cycles (including the cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and water).

4 main CARBON reservoirs in BIOSPHERE CO 2 in atmosphere CO 2 in Ocean BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; In ____________ as CO 2 gas 2.In _______ as dissolved CO 2 gas 3.On _______ in organisms, rocks, soil 4.__________ as coal & petroleum (fossil fuels) and calcium carbonate in rocks atmosphere ocean land Underground

Where does CO 2 in atmosphere come from? CO 2 in atmosphere CO 2 in Ocean BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; _________________ plants and animals release CO 2 through respiration and decomposition 4.____________ of dead organisms 2. Human activity (burning fossil fuels) Cellular respiration Decomposition 1. Volcanic activity

WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT? Found in all the _______________ of cells: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids Image by Riedell BUILDING BLOCKS

WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT? Carbon in CO 2 provides the atoms for __________ production during __________________... the fuel that all living things depend on. GLUCOSE PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Terms for Carbon cycle Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Combustion Decomposition

N 2 in Atmosphere NH 3 NO 3 - and NO 2 - Section 3-3 NITROGEN CYCLE BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

WHY IS NITROGEN IMPORTANT? Image by Riedell NITROGEN BASES make DNA and RNA Adenine (nitrogen base) is used in ATP Makes AMINO part of amino acids (proteins) Image by Riedell

79% of the atmosphere is made up of NITROGEN gas (N 2 ) Image by Riedell BUT we _____ use the nitrogen gas we breathe! The bond in N 2 gas is so strong it can only be broken by _______________ ____________________ CAN’T lightning Volcanic activity few special bacteria

Bacteria that live ______________ and in _________ relationships with plants called _________, take nitrogen from the atmosphere and turn it into ______________, a form that is usable by plants. THIS PROCESS IS CALLED _________________ in the soil symbiotic legumes AMMONIA (NH 3 ) NITROGEN FIXATION

Image from: and modified by Riedell Other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into ________________ & _________________ which plants can also use. The nitrogen we need for proteins, ATP, and nucleic acids comes from the ___________ ___________ we breathe! NITRATES (NO 3 - ) FOOD WE EAT NOT THE AIR & NITRITES (NO 2 - )

N 2 in Atmosphere NH 3 NO 3 - and NO 2 - Section 3-3 NITROGEN CYCLE BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

Bacteria that live ______________ also carry out the reverse process ___________ → _____________. THIS PROCESS IS CALLED _________________ in the soil NITRATES & NITRITES NITROGEN GAS DENITRIFICATION

N 2  NH 3  NO 2  NO 3  N 2 Nitrogen ammonia nitrite nitrate ammonification nitrification denitrification All of these processes are done by bacteria.

Terms for Nitrogen Cycle Ammonification Nitrification Denitrification Nitrogen Fixation by bacteria

PHOSPHORUS CYCLE Weathering wears away rocks and sediments and releases phosphate into soil and water Image from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Producers absorb phosphate from soil and water Phosphate moves through food web Phosphate returns to soil and water from waste or decomposition Sediments form “new land” to complete cycle

SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Exemplify the role of organisms in the geochemical cycles (including the cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and water).

Phosphorus cycle is only biogeochemical cycle that does NOT cycle through the ______________ BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 atmosphere

WHY IS PHOSPHORUS IMPORTANT? Image by Riedell Makes DNA and RNA Transfers energy as ATP Makes phospholipids for cell membranes Image by Riedell

SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Explain how the interrelationships among organisms (including predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism) generate stability within ecosystems. copyright cmassengale91

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions Symbiosis Any relationship in which two species live closely together is called symbiosis. Symbiotic relationships include: mutualism commensalism parasitism

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions Mutualism: both species benefit from the relationship. Commensalism: one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. Parasitism: one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it.

Species Interactions Predation An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism is called predation. The organism that does the killing and eating is called the predator, and the food organism is the prey. copyright cmassengale94

copyright cmassengale96 Symbiosis Any relationship in which two species live closely together is called symbiosis. Symbiotic relationships include: mutualism commensalism parasitism

SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Explain how the interrelationships among organisms (including predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism) generate stability within ecosystems. copyright cmassengale97

copyright cmassengale98 Mutualism: both species benefit from the relationship + + Ex: Bacteria in human intestines – bacteria gets a place to live and we get water reabsorbed

copyright cmassengale100 Commensalism: one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. + 0 Ex. Barnacles on a whale The barnacles get a place to live and transportation and the whales don’t even know the barnacles are there.

copyright cmassengale102 Parasitism: one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it. + - Ex. Tapeworm and human Tapeworm gets food digested and brought to it and the human is harmed.

copyright cmassengale103 There are two types of parasites: 1.Endoparasites live on the inside of the host. 2.Ectoparasites live on the outside of the host.

SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Explain how the interrelationships among organisms (including predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism) generate stability within ecosystems. copyright cmassengale104