HUMAN ANATOMY - 7 Lymphatic system. Respiratory system.

Lymphatic system (p.808, fig.21.1) It is the network of vessels, penetrating all tissues, and a collection of tissues and organs, producing immune cells. Its activity provides body with: – fluid recovery (15% of lost fluid is returned to circ) – immunity ( cleans foreign bodies within recovered fluid ) – absorbtion of dietary lipids (which can’t be done by capillars)

Components of lymphatic system lymph, the recovered fluid; lymphatic vessels, which transport the lymph; lymphatic cells, i.e. lymphocytes and macrophages; lymphatic organs, in which these cells are especially concentrated (bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils & spleen)

Reactions of immune system Allergy – excessive harmful reaction to antigens Autoimmune disease – failure to distinguish between self & foreing subject Immunodeficiency disease – failure to respond vigorously to foriegn subject Neuroimmunology (p. 848) is the new growing branch of immunology)

Respiratory system (p.856, fig.22.1) Why do we breath? Any our activity requires energy, i.e. ATP, and most ATP synthesis requires oxygen and generates carbon dioxide—thus driving breathing The respiratory system consists of tubes (i.e. airways), that deliver air to the lungs alveols (i.e. special sacs), where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out.

Anatomy of upper respiratory tract (p.858, fig.22.3) Nose – Warms, cleans & humidifies inhaled air – Detects odors – Works as voice resonator Pharynx – muscular funnel, extending from nose to lalynx. Consisit of 3 parts. Larynx – a compartment, made of series of cartilages, place where voice is produced.

Lower respiratory tract (p.861, fig.22.3) Trachea – rigid tube, made of series of C- shaped cartilages Bronchial tree is divided into terminal bronchioles. The latter is lack of supportive cartilage, are muscular and are 1mm in diameter. Alveoli (p.865, fig.22.12) – grapes-resembling sacs, where O 2 –CO 2 exchange occurs

The process of respiration Respiratory muscles (p.867, fig.22.13) – Major respiratory muscles External respiratory Diaphragm Synergist muscles of respiration – abdominal muscles – neck muscles – internal intercostal muscles

The respiratory cycle (p.873, fig.22.16) Inspiration (always is active process) Expiration (is passive under normal conditions, but in forced expiration occurs with participation of muscles, so is active) Internal & external breathing (p.880, fig.22.20)