Human Anatomy & Physiology FIFTH EDITION Elaine N. Marieb PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Vince Austin Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 19 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart Part D

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Extrinsic Factors Influencing Stroke Volume Contractility is the increase in contractile strength, independent of stretch and EDV Increase in contractility comes from: Increased sympathetic stimuli Certain hormones Ca 2+ and some drugs Agents/factors that decrease contractility include: Acidosis Increased extracellular potassium Calcium channel blockers

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Contractility and Norepinephrine Sympathetic stimulation releases norepinephrine and initiates a cyclic AMP second-messenger system Figure 19.22

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulation is activated by stress, anxiety, excitement, or exercise Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) stimulation is mediated by acetylcholine and opposes the SNS PNS dominates the autonomic stimulation, slowing heart rate and causing vagal tone Regulation of Heart Rate: Autonomic Nervous System

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bainbridge Reflex Bainbridge (atrial) reflex – a sympathetic reflex initiated by increased blood in the atria Causes stimulation of the SA node Stimulates baroreceptors in the atria, causing increased SNS stimulation

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemical Regulation of the Heart The hormones epinephrine and thyroxine increase heart rate Intra- and extracellular ion concentrations must be maintained for normal heart function

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Factors Involved in Regulation of Cardiac Output

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostatic Imbalances Hypocalcemia – reduced ionic calcium depresses the heart Hypercalcemia – dramatically increases heart irritability and leads to spastic contractions Hypernatremia – blocks heart contraction by inhibiting ionic calcium transport Hyperkalemia – leads to heart block and cardiac arrest

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostatic Imbalances Tachycardia – heart rate over 100 beats/min Bradycardia – heart rate less than 60 beats/min

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) Congestive heart failure (CHF), caused by: Coronary atherosclerosis Increased blood pressure in aorta Successive myocardial infarcts Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Developmental Aspects of the Heart Embryonic heart chambers Sinus venous Atrium Ventricle Bulbus cordis Figure 19.24

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Developmental Aspects of the Heart Fetal heart structures that bypass pulmonary circulation Foramen ovale connects the two atria Ductus arteriosus connects pulmonary trunk and the aorta

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Age-Related Changes Affecting the Heart Sclerosis and thickening of valve flaps Decline in cardiac reserve Fibrosis of cardiac muscle Atherosclerosis