Remotely Operated Vehicle Image courtesy of NOAA Okeanos Explorer Program, INDEX-SATAL 2010 Little Hercules ROV: Remotely Operated Vehicle

Knowledge of the Ocean QUIZ!!!

Average depth of the ocean: 6 miles 0.5 miles 2.65 miles 15 miles Mandy-Rae Cruickshank is a world-record free-diver

The average depth of the ocean is about 4,267 m (14,000 feet, approx 2 The average depth of the ocean is about 4,267 m (14,000 feet, approx 2.65 miles). MARSH Town Hall

What is the deepest part of the ocean? Mariana Trench Cayman Trench Peru-Chile Trench Tonga Trench

Challenger Deep is approximately 11,030 meters (36,200 feet) deep. Pacific Ocean

Mariana Trench vs. Mt. Everest 6.86 miles deep 5.50 miles above sea level www.kidscoolzone.com Image from: www.whoi.edu

<180m (~600 ft) Florida Plain 2,500 m (~8,300 ft) Sigsbee Deep Dauphin Island <180m (~600 ft) Florida Plain 2,500 m (~8,300 ft) Sigsbee Deep ~3,600m (~11,800 ft)

The average temperature of the deep ocean is:

Temperature in the ocean remains relatively constant until the shallows of the twilight zone Water temperature in the deepest parts of the ocean averages about 36°F (2°C).

Up to 36,100 feet (11,000 m) in some trenches Sea level Sunlit Zone (Epiplelagic) 660 ft (200 m) Twilight Zone (Mesopelagic) 3,300 ft (1,000m) Dark Zone (Bathypelagic) 9,800 ft (4,000 m) Abyssal Zone (Abyssopelagic) 16,400 ft (5,000 m) Hadal Zone (Hadopelagic) 19,700 ft (6,000 m) Up to 36,100 feet (11,000 m) in some trenches

1 atmosphere of pressure: the pressure inside your lungs is the same as the pressure around you. Koko Crater, Oahu Sea level

In the ocean, pressure works the same way. 2,500 meters = 250 atmospheres of pressure That’s about what your big toe would feel like if an elephant were standing on it! Water is heavier than air!

How long can you hold your breath?

World Record Holder – 160m on a single breath!!! (6+ minutes!) http://avaxhome.ws/video/Extraordinary_People.html Tanya Streeter – The Woman Who Dives the Deepest World Record Holder – 160m on a single breath!!! (6+ minutes!) That equals approx 1 ½ football fields!!!!!

1935, Credit: OAR/National Undersea Research Program (NURP) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dykeri,_fig_6,_Nordisk_familjebok.png

– Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus S.C.U.B.A. – Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus

The 22 year old Mexican reached this depth on April 20, 2010 DEEPEST Guinness VERIFIED SCUBA DIVE = 318.25m Nuno Gomes The 22 year old Mexican reached this depth on April 20, 2010 Descent = 9 min 324 m Ascent =135 min

Why do these boats not sink? Because they are “positively buoyant.”

Neutrally buoyant Negatively buoyant

How are these fish “neutrally buoyant”? SWIM BLADDER How are these fish “neutrally buoyant”? OILY LIVER

Cartesian Diver activity

Submersible The Alvin underwater. Image courtesy of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institutions (WHOI) The vessel weighs 17 tons. It allows for two scientists and one pilot to dive for up to nine hours at 4500 meters (15,000 ft).

Alvin in History Hydrogen bomb The Titanic Hydrothermal Vent - Black smoker

Ann Curry and the Alvin http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/27641853#27641853

Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) tether ROV Hercules Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)

John Riley, ROV Pilot

MILITARY – retrieve missiles, search for mines Uses of ROVs MILITARY – retrieve missiles, search for mines

Oil & Gas industry – offshore development Uses of ROVs Oil & Gas industry – offshore development BP Oil Spill 2010

Marine Science – seafloor mapping, study ocean habitats Uses of ROVs Marine Science – seafloor mapping, study ocean habitats “Bumpy”

Communication cables, energy source & Info transfer

Small Electric Vehicle Types of ROVs Small Electric Vehicle Single camera, dive no deeper than 300 m (984 ft) Used by Science & Military

High Capability Electric Vehicle Dive to depths of 6,096 m (20,000 ft) have cameras, but can’t perform detailed tasks Used by Science & Military

Work Class Vehicle Powered electronically & hydraulically 7 function manipulator 5 function grabber Drilling and construction/pipeline Person!

Heavy Work Class Vehicle Dives 3000 m (10,000 ft) multiple manipulators & grabbers

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) Not yet available in consumer market. Programmed missions Battery power Less cost, deeper dives, longer missions (No real-time video available) There are International competitions for the best design.

ROV Review http://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/robotics/vehicles.html ***This is in your Resource folder on the flash drive.

Up to 36,100 feet (11,000 m) in some trenches Sea level Sunlit Zone (Epiplelagic) 660 ft (200 m) 525ft (160m) 1,043ft (318m) Twilight Zone (Mesopelagic) 3,300 ft (1,000m) 3280 ft (1000m) 3300 ft (1,005m) Dark Zone (Bathypelagic) 9,800 ft (4,000 m) 6,561 ft (2000m) 2500 m (feed b/t 500-1000m) 8,000ft (2,438m) Abyssal Zone (Abyssopelagic) 16,400 ft (5,000 m) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mKotQs93Dc 14,8000 ft (4500m) Hadal Zone (Hadopelagic) 19,700 ft (6,000 m) 19,685ft (6,000m) Up to 36,100 feet (11,000 m) in some trenches 35,797ft (10,911m) 38

How deep can you go? http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/environment/habitats-environment/habitats-oceans-env/cameron-how-deep/?source=news_cameron_mariana_story

Fish that live exclusively below 6,000 m http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mKotQs93Dc Fish from the ocean trenches like this rat-tail (left) look less strange than those that live in the mid-waters, such as this fangtooth (right)

Up to 36,100 feet (11,000 m) in some trenches Sea level Sunlit Zone (Epiplelagic) 660 ft (200 m) Twilight Zone (Mesopelagic) 3,300 ft (1,000m) Dark Zone (Bathypelagic) 9,800 ft (4,000 m) Abyssal Zone (Abyssopelagic) 16,400 ft (5,000 m) Hadal Zone (Hadopelagic) 19,700 ft (6,000 m) Up to 36,100 feet (11,000 m) in some trenches

http://www.seasky.org/deep-sea/ocean-layers.html http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/home/F_Oceans_K-4.html

http://www.amnh.org/education/resources/rfl/web/dsv/pressures.html http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/outdoor-activities/water-sports/first-scuba-diver.htm

DENSITY = Temperature, Salinity and Pressure Cold water is more dense than warm water Salty water is more dense than fresh water

HMS Challenger

A submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation below the surface of the water. a submersible has more limited underwater capability Submersibles typically have shorter range, and operate underwater almost exclusively, having little function at the surface. Many submersibles operate on a "tether" or "umbilical", remaining connected to a tender (a submarine, surface vessel or platform).