Figure 5.1. Differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) between the Conventional and Biologically Based systems at two contrasting landscape positions in the KBS Main Cropping System Experiment (MCSE, described in Table 5.1; data represent cm depth, indicate mean ± SE. Similar letters indicate similar values. Modified from Senthilkumar et al. (2009b). Paul, E. A., A. Kravchenko, A. S. Grandy, and S. Morris Soil organic matter dynamics: controls and management for sustainable ecosystem functioning. Pages in S. K. Hamilton, J. E. Doll, and G. P. Robertson, editors. The ecology of agricultural landscapes: long-term research on the path to sustainability. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.

Figure 5.2. Variograms with model fits (solid lines) for SOC in the Conventional, No-till, and Biologically Based systems of the MCSE. Modified from Kravchenko et al. (2006). Paul, E. A., A. Kravchenko, A. S. Grandy, and S. Morris Soil organic matter dynamics: controls and management for sustainable ecosystem functioning. Pages in S. K. Hamilton, J. E. Doll, and G. P. Robertson, editors. The ecology of agricultural landscapes: long-term research on the path to sustainability. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.

Figure 5.3. Change in soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) following afforestation of previously cropped Oshtemo/Kalamazoo loam soils at the Kellogg Forest, two tree plantations in the MCSE, and the Russ Forest in nearby Cass County, Michigan. From S. Morris (unpublished data). Paul, E. A., A. Kravchenko, A. S. Grandy, and S. Morris Soil organic matter dynamics: controls and management for sustainable ecosystem functioning. Pages in S. K. Hamilton, J. E. Doll, and G. P. Robertson, editors. The ecology of agricultural landscapes: long-term research on the path to sustainability. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.

Figure 5.4. Relationship between SOC and soil aggregate size (mean weight-diameter; mm) in the MCSE. From A.S. Grandy (unpublished data). Paul, E. A., A. Kravchenko, A. S. Grandy, and S. Morris Soil organic matter dynamics: controls and management for sustainable ecosystem functioning. Pages in S. K. Hamilton, J. E. Doll, and G. P. Robertson, editors. The ecology of agricultural landscapes: long-term research on the path to sustainability. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.

Figure 5.5. Simulated field carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) fluxes from the MCSE Conventional system in 1994, based on the soil organic matter pools and fluxes shown in Table 5.5. Bars on observed values indicate standard errors. Redrawn from Paul et al. (1999a) with permission from Elsevier. Paul, E. A., A. Kravchenko, A. S. Grandy, and S. Morris Soil organic matter dynamics: controls and management for sustainable ecosystem functioning. Pages in S. K. Hamilton, J. E. Doll, and G. P. Robertson, editors. The ecology of agricultural landscapes: long-term research on the path to sustainability. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.

Figure 5.6. Fourier transformed mid-infrared spectra of KBS soil, including the whole soil and its various fractions. Absorbance bands of different organic functional groups are shown as vertical bars. From F. Calderón (unpublished data). Paul, E. A., A. Kravchenko, A. S. Grandy, and S. Morris Soil organic matter dynamics: controls and management for sustainable ecosystem functioning. Pages in S. K. Hamilton, J. E. Doll, and G. P. Robertson, editors. The ecology of agricultural landscapes: long-term research on the path to sustainability. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.

Figure 5.7. Principal Components Analysis of the infrared spectra of unincubated surface soil and particle size fractions from the KBS (Michigan), Wooster (Ohio), Hoytville (Ohio), and Lamberton (Minnesota) sites shown in Table 5.2. The percentages of spectral variance accounted for by each component are in parentheses. Modified from Calderón et al. (2011). Paul, E. A., A. Kravchenko, A. S. Grandy, and S. Morris Soil organic matter dynamics: controls and management for sustainable ecosystem functioning. Pages in S. K. Hamilton, J. E. Doll, and G. P. Robertson, editors. The ecology of agricultural landscapes: long-term research on the path to sustainability. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.