How Europe changed

European Integration What is integration? What is integration? –Economic –Political What is the European Community/Union? What is the European Community/Union? –A federation in the making –A type of macro-regional regime or better international governance

Factors in European Integration Solving French-German problem Solving French-German problem Different domestic calculations both economic and political Different domestic calculations both economic and political Role of ‘crisis’ Role of ‘crisis’

History of the European Community/Union No linear, teleological, unfolding No linear, teleological, unfolding Deep historical roots, but concrete results only after 1945 Deep historical roots, but concrete results only after 1945 Ideological, political, and economic factors have all played a role Ideological, political, and economic factors have all played a role International influences (role of US and USSR) International influences (role of US and USSR) Continuous process but with phases of stagnation and acceleration Continuous process but with phases of stagnation and acceleration

History Ideological Ideological –From the Resistance movement to the Hague Conference Economic: Economic: – Benelux Custom Union through OEEC, to economic union Political Political –From Common Assembly to European Parliament

Enlargement 1951: France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg 1951: France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg 1973: UK, Denmark, Ireland (case of Norway) 1973: UK, Denmark, Ireland (case of Norway) 1981: Greece 1981: Greece 1986: Spain and Portugal 1986: Spain and Portugal 1995: Austria, Finland, Sweden (case of Norway) 1995: Austria, Finland, Sweden (case of Norway) 2005: Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Malta, Cyprus, Slovenia 2005: Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Malta, Cyprus, Slovenia 2007: Bulgaria, Romania 2007: Bulgaria, Romania Waiting: Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia, Albania, Montenegro; Waiting: Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia, Albania, Montenegro; Problems of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Problems of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Turkey Turkey

The collapse of the Soviet Union From below: 1974 Helsinki conference From below: 1974 Helsinki conference –Regime loss of legitimacy due to poor economic performance (low productivity) From outside: Reagan and the new Cold War From outside: Reagan and the new Cold War –Defense spending outpacing economic growth From above: Gorbachev (1985) From above: Gorbachev (1985) –Perestroika and glasnost –Constitutional reform – power from Communist party to ‘national’ governments - collapse of the system

The collapse of the Soviet Union June 1991: Attempts to retain at least a confederation June 1991: Attempts to retain at least a confederation August 1991: The failed coup and Gorbachev resignation on Dec August 1991: The failed coup and Gorbachev resignation on Dec Re-emergence of Russia (?) Re-emergence of Russia (?)

Eastern Europe Economic reforms and political reforms Economic reforms and political reforms Nationalist coalitions which eventually splinter Nationalist coalitions which eventually splinter Peaceful vs. less peaceful (Romania) transitions. Peaceful vs. less peaceful (Romania) transitions. –How to explain them? The reunification of Germany The reunification of Germany

The disintegration of Yugoslavia Decentralization Decentralization Nationalist revival Nationalist revival The ‘Arlecchino’ country The ‘Arlecchino’ country 1991: Slovenia and Croatia 1991: Slovenia and Croatia : The quagmire of Bosnia- Herzegovia : The quagmire of Bosnia- Herzegovia : Kosovo, the war against Yugoslavia (Serbia-Montenegro) and Independence : Kosovo, the war against Yugoslavia (Serbia-Montenegro) and Independence Macedonia Macedonia

Europe in the world Beginning of the century and up to WWII: colonies, power politics Beginning of the century and up to WWII: colonies, power politics Post-World War II: soft power, liberal internationalism (constructive dialogue, slow elaboration of common values and legal principles and norms) Post-World War II: soft power, liberal internationalism (constructive dialogue, slow elaboration of common values and legal principles and norms) –Exception (colonial disentanglement, Suez, Falklands) An economic giant and a political pygmy? An economic giant and a political pygmy?

Europe as a laboratory The evolution of the concept and practice of sovereignty and nation/state The evolution of the concept and practice of sovereignty and nation/state –Europe as a post-modern space? What will Europe be at the end of the first century of the third millennium? What will Europe be at the end of the first century of the third millennium?

Emerging cleavages Immigration, multiculturalism & Euro-skepticism

Final Exam: Saturday, April 12 th 3:00-5:00 p.m. ED1014

Parties and Policy in the 1980s & 1990s Mainstream right: Mainstream right: Bolstered by Thatcher in the UK, Bolstered by Thatcher in the UK, Realization, for some, that state cannot & should not do everything Realization, for some, that state cannot & should not do everything Manifest in Manifest in Privatization of nationalized industries in the UK & elsewhere Privatization of nationalized industries in the UK & elsewhere Trimming of social protection, welfare state programs Trimming of social protection, welfare state programs

Social Democracy: Toward a ‘Third Way’? Britain: New Labour rather than Labour Britain: New Labour rather than Labour Tony Blair re-brands the party, brings it back to power Tony Blair re-brands the party, brings it back to power Differences Differences More market and less state – e.g. public-private partnerships More market and less state – e.g. public-private partnerships Accepts Thatcher reforms in many areas Accepts Thatcher reforms in many areas Maintain welfare state, but willing to target aid Maintain welfare state, but willing to target aid vs. previous commitment to universal benefits vs. previous commitment to universal benefits Tougher administration of justice Tougher administration of justice Emphasis on spin and presentation Emphasis on spin and presentation Germany, Germany, SPD under Gerhard Schroeder follows similar course SPD under Gerhard Schroeder follows similar course Netherlands: Netherlands: Social Democrats abandon polarization Social Democrats abandon polarization Return to cabinet, Return to cabinet, First with Christian Democrats First with Christian Democrats Then with Liberals and Democrats 66: ‘Purple coalition, in office from , reconciles historic rivals Then with Liberals and Democrats 66: ‘Purple coalition, in office from , reconciles historic rivals

Elsewhere on the left Diminishing appeal of Communism in France Diminishing appeal of Communism in France Weakening of Communism in Italy Weakening of Communism in Italy PCI re-baptized Democratic Left in 1991 PCI re-baptized Democratic Left in 1991 Green and left-libertarian parties: Green and left-libertarian parties: Greens (Germany) start out as anti-establishment party with roots in student movements, Young Socialists (JUSOs) Greens (Germany) start out as anti-establishment party with roots in student movements, Young Socialists (JUSOs) Ongoing arguments between ‘realos’ and `fundos’ Ongoing arguments between ‘realos’ and `fundos’ Entry in to laender (provincial governments in 1990s Entry in to laender (provincial governments in 1990s Coalition with SPD from Coalition with SPD from PDS in Germany PDS in Germany

State and economy Despite Thatcherism, social protections retained, sometimes in moderate form Despite Thatcherism, social protections retained, sometimes in moderate form Less public ownership Less public ownership But, at best incomplete withdrawal of states from economic life But, at best incomplete withdrawal of states from economic life Germany maintains social market economy& ‘Rhineland’ model of capitalism: cooperation among economic interests Germany maintains social market economy& ‘Rhineland’ model of capitalism: cooperation among economic interests Swedish model persists, albeit with less cooperation between capital and labour Swedish model persists, albeit with less cooperation between capital and labour

The New Right Emergence & success in several countries: Emergence & success in several countries: Front Nationale (FN) in France Front Nationale (FN) in France Lega Nord (LN) in Italy Lega Nord (LN) in Italy Freedom Party (FPÖ) in Austria Freedom Party (FPÖ) in Austria Danish People’s Party Danish People’s Party Flemish Block (Belgium) Flemish Block (Belgium) List Pim Fortuyn (LPF) & Freedom Party (PVV) in the Netherlands List Pim Fortuyn (LPF) & Freedom Party (PVV) in the Netherlands Comparative weakness in Germany Comparative weakness in Germany NPD NPD Republikkaner Republikkaner

New Right Parties Populist Populist Leader-centred Leader-centred Common features: Anti parties Common features: Anti parties anti-EU anti-EU anti-immigrant anti-immigrant anti-establishment anti-establishment Positions not always internally consistent Positions not always internally consistent Tend to be anti-state, pro market Tend to be anti-state, pro market But sometimes protectionist But sometimes protectionist

Explaining the New Right Weakening hold of established parties: Weakening hold of established parties: Difficulties maintaining or re-establishing electorates of belonging – loyal supporters Difficulties maintaining or re-establishing electorates of belonging – loyal supporters Ability of capitalize on disgruntlement, sense that things are not quite right Ability of capitalize on disgruntlement, sense that things are not quite right Use of local issues – e.g. Lega & anti- southern sentiment Use of local issues – e.g. Lega & anti- southern sentiment Use of the media Use of the media

Euro-skepticism Stronger in some countries than others Stronger in some countries than others UK UK Denmark Denmark EU & Europe as an elite project, about which voters were not consulted EU & Europe as an elite project, about which voters were not consulted Enlargement Enlargement EURO EURO Constitution Constitution Dutch and French referenda as example Dutch and French referenda as example Desire to ensure local (member-state) control Desire to ensure local (member-state) control

Anti-immigrant sentiment Immigration & migration largely unplanned or not fully thought through Immigration & migration largely unplanned or not fully thought through Growing concentrations, especially in larger centres Growing concentrations, especially in larger centres Incomplete integration and assimilation Incomplete integration and assimilation Marginal economic position – insufficient employment or opportunities Marginal economic position – insufficient employment or opportunities Differences in values – caught between two worlds Differences in values – caught between two worlds Incomplete acceptance by host populations Incomplete acceptance by host populations

Anti-establishment sentiment Elites seen as Out of touch Out of touch In collusion – parties the same In collusion – parties the same Not coping with real problems Not coping with real problemsExamples: Austria: reaction against proporz & power- sharing Austria: reaction against proporz & power- sharing Netherlands: Netherlands: Saga of Pim Fortuyn Saga of Pim Fortuyn Geert Wilders and the Freedom Party Geert Wilders and the Freedom Party

Bottom-line Party systems more fragmented than before: Party systems more fragmented than before: New competitors on the left New competitors on the left former E. German Communists, now the Left Party former E. German Communists, now the Left Party A new Socialist Party (SP) in the Netherlands A new Socialist Party (SP) in the Netherlands New right New right Party strengths fluctuate Party strengths fluctuate Sometimes hurt by government participation Sometimes hurt by government participation Yet no return to the instability of the interwar period Yet no return to the instability of the interwar period