Hands-On Grammar ADVANCED

Object of the preposition Noun Functions Direct object Indirect object Predicate nominative Appositive Noun of direct address Subject Object of the preposition

Direct Object receives the action of the verb noun or pronoun that follows the action verb underlined and coded with a circle around it and D.O. above it EXAMPLE: The chair scraped the floor. The chair is the subject, scraped is the action verb, and floor is the direct object. Scraped what ? Answer: floor D.O.

Indirect Object tells to whom or for whom the action is done noun or pronoun that is between the action verb and the direct object (can’t have an indirect object without a direct object) underlined and coded with a box around it and I.O. above it EXAMPLE: Susan gave Bob a gift. Susan is the subject, gave is the action verb, gift is the direct object, and Bob is the indirect object. Gave what (gift) to whom ? Answer: Bob I.O. D.O.

Predicate Nominative noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames the subject underlined and coded with a P.N. above it Examples: Mrs. Jones is the principal. It was a forest. His shoes are cleats. P.N. P.N. P.N.

Appositive word or phrase that identifies or renames the noun or pronoun that comes right before it underlined and coded with a circle around it and APP above it Example: Thomas Edison, an American inventor, is responsible for many patents. APP

Noun of Direct Address names the person or group being spoken to underlined and coded with NDA above it Example: Are you sure that is the right answer, John? NDA

Subject noun or pronoun that the sentence is about underlined and coded with S above it Examples: Joshua gathered his toys. Green men will not invade Earth! S S

Object of the Preposition noun or pronoun that follows the preposition underlined and coded with OP above it and close the parentheses after it Example: Ronald hobbled down the street because he twisted his ankle getting out of the car. OP OP

Possessive noun/pronoun Other Functions Predicate adjective Infinitive Possessive noun/pronoun Clauses

Predicate Adjective adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject coded like an adjective and with P.A. above it Example: His shoes are incredibly comfortable. adj. P.A.

Infinitive to plus a verb (to eat, to sleep) that can act as an adjective, adverb, or noun coded with parentheses around it and with its function as an adjective, adverb, or noun Example: Martians might use flying saucers to invade Earth. He wants to start right away. adv. D.O.

Possessive Noun/Pronoun noun or pronoun that shows ownership of another noun or pronoun coded like an adjective Examples: Her cheeks were so red! Is that Angela’s sweater? adj. adj.

are dependent (cannot stand alone) Clauses are dependent (cannot stand alone) can be noun, adjective, or adverb clauses when building sentences with clauses, each clause only needs one card (n, adj, adv)

Noun Clauses usually begin with the following words: that, how, when, where, whether, why, what, whatever, who, whom, whoever, whomever, which, whichever can serve as a subject, direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition, or predicate nominative coded with an underline under entire clause Example: The director determined who would design the set. A love of theater is what motivates her.

Adjective Clauses usually begin with a relative pronoun: who, whom, whose, that, which tell which one, what kind, or how many, and describe nouns or pronouns coded with parentheses around it and like an adjective Example: The gear that a climber brings is important to his success. adj.

Adverb Clauses usually begin with a subordinating conjunction: if, because, before, than, as, even though, so that, while, where, when, as if, since tell where, when, why, how, to what extent, and under what conditions coded with parentheses around it and like an adverb Example: Because the trails were slippery, they were cautious. adv.