Fiscal Policy Wrap-up Multiplier Effect, Policy Lag & Automatic Stabilizers
Fiscal Policy Lag & End Result All fiscal policy has long “policy lags” –Changes in Taxes & Gov’t Spending take time to occur The end result of expansionary fiscal policy on AD & Real GDP is difficult to forecast –Tax cuts & ↑ Gov’t Spending => push AD to the right –While other factors => push AD to the left –The “exact” end result is uncertain
Opposing forces of Fiscal Policy? Multiplier Effect (helps) Automatic Stabilizers (helps) Crowding Out (hurts) Net Export Effect (hurts) State & Local Tax Laws (hurts) These 3 opposing forces make predicting final effect of FISCAL POLICY Difficult! AD 2 Make fiscal policy more effective Make fiscal policy less effective
Multiplier Effect Crowding Out When Government Spending increases or Taxes are cut: → Multiplier argues for a larger increase in real GDP (AD) → Crowding out argues for a smaller increase in AD (real GDP) The CONFLICT between 2-theories : We ASSUME the multiplier always overpowers crowding out! (AD shifts right!)
Automatic Stabilizers Considered anything which automatically: –Increases deficit during recessionary periods –Increases surplus during inflationary periods During Recessions Gov’t collects less taxes Pays more unemployment & welfare benefits, food stamps, (transfer payments) During Booms Collects more taxes (progressive tax system) Pays less unemployment & welfare benefits, food stamps, (transfer payments)
Net Export Effect Gov’t Borrows more $ Currency Appreciates $ Export Less Real Interest Rates Rise Explanation: Expansionary fiscal policy => leads to crowding out The US $ appreciates –Goods become more expensive for foreigners They buy less (NX ↓)
State & Local Taxes States & Local Governments are required to balance budget –California was in a budget crisis in 2010! Proposition 30 helped Deficits can only exist in short run! Therefore, states often raise taxes as federal government cuts taxes –This partially offsets expansionary fiscal policy
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