General Requirements General requirements Theory of Use Design Concept Contextual Studies Task model Design space System specification ImplementationDeployment Evaluation

General Requirements A broad yet precise description of the proposed system, in terms that designers and customers can understand Used to:  guide design  provide a reference for validation

General requirements Stakeholders Goals Scope of the project Market need and business case Attributes and constraints of the proposed system

Stakeholders People who may use, influence or affected by the new system  Direct users  Influencers: e.g. managers, policy makers  Affected: e.g. friends, work colleagues, passers by The general requirements phase should identify possible stakeholders, these will be refined and extended during the contextual study phase Could also include short written “portraits” of typical stakeholders Document: list of stakeholders and descriptions

Goals The general goals and intentions of the different stakeholders, e.g.: the main goal of the hotel booker is “find and book a suitable hotel” Document: list of the general goals of the stakeholders

Scope of the project Methods:  Brainstorming  Scenarios  Market analysis Document: short written description of the scope of the project (one to two paragraphs)

Example method: Scenario Write a narrative (story) illustrating a “day in the life” of a typical person: to show how they might work, learn or interact differently with the new technology Can be in the form of  Text: half to one page  Video: 2-5 minute video of an imagined new way of working or interacting  Storyboard: images with text or voice narration (e.g.

Example scenario for “tourist learning” Mary is a tourist in Florence. She goes into an art gallery, with no particular learning needs, but motivated by curiosity and an interest in getting the most out of her holiday. She is loaned a handheld device and wireless earpiece on entry to the gallery. She can quickly select areas of interest on the handheld - e.g. “Italian art, famous paintings, general introduction”. As she moves round the gallery the handheld draws her attention to particularly well known paintings. As she walks up to the painting an audio commentary gives a brief introduction to it. She can see an image of the painting on her handheld and click on areas of it for further audio information. After looking through some paintings she goes to the gallery cafeteria, where she can review the “journey” she has taken, looking again at images of the paintings she has seen. She is curious about an object in one of the paintings. She clicks on it and then clicks “connect” to connect with people viewing the “virtual gallery” on the web. She posts a text query about the object and gets a reply from someone, elsewhere in the world, who is viewing the virtual gallery who has more knowledge about that painting and can call up internet pages of information. That text discussion is logged and associated with the object in the painting for other viewers to read.

Activity (25 minutes) Work in your project groups Write down a list of the main stakeholders for hotel booking and their goals Discuss and write down short notes on how people currently find and book hotels Produce scenarios for hotel booking in the future using mobile technology Note: focus on what could be different and better compared with finding and booking a hotel from a desktop PC or by phone

Business case Assessment of the market opportunity Could come from  Identifying problems with existing technology or activity (e.g. difficult to choose a hotel when on the move)  Analysis of the costs of carrying out the activity, and opportunity for reducing costs or increasing revenue (e.g. percentage of booking fee for every hotel booked online)  Market analysis of competing products and their costs and limitations Document: short written business case, indicating the market opportunities and possible income streams

Attributes and constraints Purpose, to define the main features and constraints of the project Single sentence requirement descriptions Language that customers and designers can understand They will be extended and made more precise as the project progresses Document: list of attributes and constraints

Example: attributes and constraints for a mobile learning system Support for communication – one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many, many-to-one Support for course registration and payment Context awareness, i.e. able to address minimally (at this stage)  a) who am I? - in relation to both other people and machines  b) where am I?  c) how did I get here?  d) Where have I been before?  e) What route did I take? Instant access to services Support processes essential to learning: preparation/ reflection/ archiving Communication between the real and the virtual (e.g. as in museums) Seamless roaming Facilities for content sharing with others Multimedia capture and annotation

Summary: Documents from General Requirements Phase Project scope (may include scenarios) List of stakeholders (and brief descriptions) List of stakeholder goals Business opportunity Initial requirements: attributes and constraints

Finally Be creative! Look for new opportunities Focus on the users and their activities rather than the technology