ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FOUND IN ALL LIVING ORGANISMS: REVIEW: What does it mean to be organic? -Contains Carbon -Can decompose

2 Organic Compounds found in living organisms: 1. Carbohydrates (C,H,O) -provide quick energy 2. Proteins (C,H,O,N,S) -build, maintain and repair our bodies. 3. Lipids (C,H,O) -stored energy 4. Nucleic Acid (C,H,O,N,P) - stores and transmits our genetic code.

3 98% of the body is made up of:  Sulfur  Phosphorus  Oxygen  Nitrogen  Carbon  Hydrogen CHNOPS 1% 63% 5% 19% 9%

4 Remaining 2% are “Trace Elements”: -occur in very small amounts which vary person to person based on the food they eat. Calcium…Ca Iron….Fe Chlorine…Cl Potassium…K Magnesium…Mg Sodium……Na

YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT……. 5

6 Carbohydrates: Protein: Lipids:

7 Carbohydrates/sugars: Roles: 1. Provide quick energy 2. Play a structural role in plants, bacteria and some animals. 3. Makes up parts of our cell membranes.

Carbohydrates are made up of: 8  Carbon  Hydrogen  Oxygen  In a 1:2:1 ratio

9 Three types of Carbohydrates: -each is based on # of molecules bonded together Let’s review : mono = one di = two poly= many saccharide= sugar S S S S S S S

Monosaccharides: -mono means……… -one single sugar molecule Chemical formula (1:2:1 ratio): C 6 H 12 O 6 S Monosaccharides:

instant energy (0 to 20 min) -simplest form of a sugar -does not need to be digested -just needs to be absorbed into our blood and taken to our …... CELLS Monosaccharides provides us with:

12 Every cell in the human body, all 50 trillion of them, is less than 1mm away from a blood vessel/capillary. -Cells can easily exchange food molecules, oxygen and cell waste with our blood.

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3 Types of Monosaccharides: have the same chemical formulas of C 6 H 12 O 6 but they have a slightly different shapes. Known as ISOMERS. ISO = equal (same chemical formulas)

1. Glucose made by plants during photosynthesis -found in all green plant products. -C 6 H 12 O 6 S S

2. Fructose Found in all fruits. -C 6 H 12 O 6 S

3. Galactose Found in dairy products -C 6 H 12 O 6 S

Quick Review 18 Carbs provide us with quick energy. Monosaccharides are made up of one single sugar molecule. Monosaccharides are in their simplest form….does not need to be digested. S

2 nd type of carbohydrate: 19 Disaccharides: Di means….. 2 Two monosaccharides bonded together. S S

20 Chemical Formula: SS + C 6 H 12 O 6 S S C 12 H 24 O 12 H2OH2O C 12 H 22 O 11 Remove water is to dehydrate

21 Disaccharides provide us with: -energy within approximately 2 hours after eating them. -this is because they must be digested down into their simplest form ……monosaccharides. -Where are they digested? -mouth or small intestines S S H2OH2O SS Energy is released when the bond is broken.

3 Types of Disaccharides: Sucrose -2 monos from plants bonded together -Commonly known as table sugar -Comes from sugar cane (a green plant) FructoseGlucose C 12 H 22 O 11

Maltose -2 monos from plants bonded together - Malt grain….used to make beer and other alcohols. Glucose C 12 H 22 O 11

Lactose -2 monos bonded together -found in dairy products Did you know????? -Lactose needs to be digested with the enzyme lactase. Some people do not have this enzyme so they are “lactose intolerant”. GlucoseGalactose C 12 H 22 O 11

25 Dehydration Synthesis: -dehydrate…remove water -synthesis….to make -to make by removing water -this is what occurs when two monos bond together to create a disaccharide by removing one water molecule.

26 Glucose Galactose H2OH2O GlucoseGalactose Dehydration Synthesis

27 Hydrolysis: -hydro…..water -lysis…… to break open Hydrolysis occurs when we add water to a disaccharide when we need to break it down or digest it.

28 GlucoseGalactose H2OH2O GlucoseGalactose Hydrolysis

3 rd type of Carb 29 Polysaccharides: -poly means….. many - many (more than 3 and up to 4000 ) monosaccharides bonded together. S S S S S S

30 Must be digested. Takes up to 24 hours to be totally digested. Each bond between the monos must be broken. Made up of 3 to 4000 monos so there is not one common chemical formula. S S S S S S

3 Types of Polysaccharides: Starch -how plants store excess glucose -made up of glucose molecules bonded together in a long chain.

Glycogen How animals store excess glucose. When we eat excess carbs our liver converts them into glycogen to be stored. If we still do not use it then the glycogen is converted into fat for storage.

Cellulose -used by plants for structure and support. -humans can not digest cellulose -cellulose passes out as the “bulk” of our feces.