23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program Passive Sampling Case Study: United Heckathorn Superfund Site Rachelle S. Thompson, MS, PE US EPA Region 9

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 1 Presentation Outline  Site location and background  Past remedial actions  Current conditions  Feasibility study  Passive sampler deployments  Preliminary results  Next steps

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 2 United Heckathorn Superfund Site

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 3 Site Location

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 4 Cleanup History  Initial response ( )  3,300 cubic yards of DDT-contaminated soil removed from upland area  Dredged 107,000 cubic yards of contaminated sediment (3 tons DDT) from Lauritzen Channel and Parr Canal  Capped upland area with concrete to prevent erosion  Monitoring and additional investigations  Sampling of fish, mussels, sediment, and water  Five Year Reviews in 2001, 2006, and 2011

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 5 Current Status  The upland cap remains intact and protective.  DDT levels in the Inner Richmond Harbor, Santa Fe Channel and Parr Canal have decreased significantly.  DDT levels in Lauritzen Channel pose a potential long- term risk to human health through consumption of fish.  DDT levels in Lauritzen Channel pose a potential ecological risk to fish-eating birds and mammals.

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 6 Mussel Trends

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 7 Feasibility Study  Tier 1 Sediment Study  Tier 2 Sediment Study  Source Identification Study  DDT Fate & Transport Study

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 8 Tier 1 Sediment Study  Multi-beam and side- scan sonar create images of the channel bottom  Areas of deposition and erosion of sediment  Natural and anthropogenic forces

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 9 Tier 2 Sediment Study  Current and turbidity monitoring  Particle tracking  Sediment erosion analysis  Sediment transport modeling

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 10 Source Identification Study  Groundwater  Embankments and seeps  Pilings  Undredged sediments  Other sources

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 11 DDT Fate & Transport Study  Passive samplers  Sediment cores  Trends  Sources and sinks  Approximately 66,000 yd 3 of contaminated sediment in Lauritzen Channel  Approximately 350 kg of DDT in those sediments

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 12 Passive Sampling Goals  Evaluate spatial distribution of contamination  Evaluate contaminant fate & transport and potential sources  Evaluate long-term monitoring options

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 13 Types of Passive Samplers  Sediment: Polyethylene mounted in metal frame  Surface water: Polyethylene strips in mesh bag, co- deployed with mussels

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 14 Sampling Locations  Sediment locations: 2012 (purple) and 2013 (green)  Water locations (additional background point not shown)

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 15 Deployment and Recovery  September-October 2013  ERT dive team support for sediment samplers  Surface water samplers deployed from boat

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 16 targetPRCs target at time = 0 C pe = 0 for targets at some later time, t measure PRC losses and C pe (t) use results to find C pe (t = ∞) Performance Reference Compounds Laboratory method: Gshwend, P. et al, Passive PE Sampling in Support of In Situ Remediation of Contaminated Sediments: Standard Operating Procedure for PED Preparation, December 2012.

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 17 Field Challenges  Shutdown  Boat logistics  Poor visibility  Channel depth  Active channel

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 18 4,4’-DDD, 4,4’-DDT, and 4,4’-DDE with depth into bed (ng/g PE) DDD dominant 4,4’-DDD 4,4’- DDE 4,4’- DDT Vertical Chemical Profiles

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 19 Spatial Distribution  Bottom water and pore water concentrations (ng/L 4,4’-DDD)  Strong gradient down channel  Every channel station has porewater > bottomwater  Bed-to-water column fluxes

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 20 Simple Mass Balance Estimate

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 21 Site Monitoring- 2012

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 22 Site Monitoring- 2013

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 23 Surface Water  Filtered water  PE-inferred water concentration  Mussel- inferred water concentration

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 24 Preliminary Conclusions  Porewater DDx concentrations are highest in the northern reach of the channel  There is a high degree of uncertainty in the mass balance modeling, but there appears to be an ongoing source mid- channel  Water-column passive samplers could potentially be used for long-term monitoring at the site

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 25 Next Steps

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 26 Acknowledgements  CH2MHILL- Brenda McConathy, Patricia White  E2- Tamara Frank  EPA Region 9 Lab- Andy Lincoff  ERT Dive Team – Steve Blaze, Alan Humphrey, Scott Grossman, Chris Gallo, John McBurney  Massachusetts Institute of Technology- Phil Gshwend, Patricia Tcaciuc  Sea Engineering Inc.- Craig Jones  US Army Corps of Engineers- Karl Gustavson, Earl Hayter

23 rd Annual NARPM Training Program 27 Questions?  Additional information  epa.gov/region09/unitedheckathorn  Contact information  Rachelle S. Thompson, MS, PE Superfund Division US EPA Region 9 75 Hawthorne Street, SFD-7-3 San Francisco, CA