Step Up To: Psychology John J. Schulte, Psy.D. & Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5e Worth Publishers (2010) From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5e Worth Publishers (2010)

Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Behavior The Neuron: The Basic Unit of Communication The Nervous and Endocrine Systems: Communication Throughout the Body A Guided Tour of the Brain Specialization in the Cerebral Hemispheres It’s all in Your Head

The Neuron: The Basic Unit of Communication

The Nervous and Endocrine Systems: Communication Throughout the Body

A Guided Tour of the Brain

Specialization in the Cerebral Hemispheres

It’s all in Your Head

1. __________ communicate information to the muscles and glands of the body. A) Interneurons B) Glial neurons C) Sensory neurons D) Motor neurons A) Interneurons B) Glial neurons C) Sensory neurons D) Motor neurons

2. The _______, also called the soma, contains structures that manufacture proteins and nutrients, provide energy to the neuron, and contain the neuron’s nucleus. A) cell body B) dendrites C) axons D) synapse A) cell body B) dendrites C) axons D) synapse

3. The brief positive electrical impulse transmitted along the segments of the axon is called the: A) electrical cascade. B) stimulus threshold. C) action potential. D) sodium pump. A) electrical cascade. B) stimulus threshold. C) action potential. D) sodium pump.

4.In a neuron’s terminal buttons, tiny sacs called ________ hold special chemicals called neurotransmitters. A) glial pockets B) synaptic vesicles C) refractory cases D) nodes of Ranvier A) glial pockets B) synaptic vesicles C) refractory cases D) nodes of Ranvier

5. The neurotransmitter ________ is important in thought processes and rewarding sensations. An excess of this chemical is associated with schizophrenia. A) GABA B) dopamine C) serotonin D) acetylcholine A) GABA B) dopamine C) serotonin D) acetylcholine

6. Any nerve that lies outside of the central nervous system and extends to the outermost borders of the body is part of the ________ nervous system. A) sympathetic B) cerebral C) autonomic D) peripheral A) sympathetic B) cerebral C) autonomic D) peripheral

7. When you’re stressed and your heart races, perspiration increases, and pupils dilate, the _________ is/are activated. A) somatic nervous system B) parasympathetic nervous system C) sympathetic nervous system D) spinal reflexes A) somatic nervous system B) parasympathetic nervous system C) sympathetic nervous system D) spinal reflexes

8. James touched a hot stove. His hand immediately recoiled before he knew it was hot. The order of this spinal reflex is: A) sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons. B) sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons. C) interneurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons. D) interneurons, motor neurons, sensory neurons. A) sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons. B) sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons. C) interneurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons. D) interneurons, motor neurons, sensory neurons.

9. The pea shaped structure located just under the brain that controls the function of other glands in the body is called the __________ gland. A) adrenal B) pituitary C) thyroid D) hypothalamic A) adrenal B) pituitary C) thyroid D) hypothalamic

10. The gland that is of major interest to psychologists because of its involvement in the body’s immune functioning and stress response is the: A) adrenal gland. B) thyroid gland. C) pancreas. D) gonad. A) adrenal gland. B) thyroid gland. C) pancreas. D) gonad.

11. An early, popular pseudoscience called ______ attempted to study abilities and character by studying the shape of your head. A) cortical localization B) phrenology C) electroencephalography D) neurological contours A) cortical localization B) phrenology C) electroencephalography D) neurological contours

12. The ________ makes up about 90 percent of the human brain, and contains many of the structures that control our higher functions. A) hindbrain B) midbrain C) mesobrain D) forebrain A) hindbrain B) midbrain C) mesobrain D) forebrain

13. The ability of the brain to develop new neurons after birth is called: A) neurogenesis. B) transmigration. C) synaptogenesis. D) nothing; the brain cannot develop new neurons after birth. A) neurogenesis. B) transmigration. C) synaptogenesis. D) nothing; the brain cannot develop new neurons after birth.

14. A thick bundle of axons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres is called the: A) cerebral cortex. B) reticular formation. C) corpus callosum. D) pons. A) cerebral cortex. B) reticular formation. C) corpus callosum. D) pons.

15. Which of the following is not one of the brain structures contained in the limbic system? A) the reticular formation B) the hippocampus C) the hypothalamus D) the amygdala A) the reticular formation B) the hippocampus C) the hypothalamus D) the amygdala

16. A procedure called a ___________ is used to reduce the neural impulses that travel from one cerebral hemisphere to the other. A) hemispherectomy B) singulectomy C) split-brain operation D) Pons ablation A) hemispherectomy B) singulectomy C) split-brain operation D) Pons ablation

17. Cortical ___________ refers to the notion that different functions are centered in different areas of the brain. A) plasticity B) differentiation C) aphasia D) localization A) plasticity B) differentiation C) aphasia D) localization

18. Which of the following statements about the human brain is true? A) The average human being only uses about 10 percent of their brain. B) All left-handed people are “right brain dominant.” C) The right side of the brain is more creative than the left side. D) Most left-handed people show a pattern of mixed-handedness. A) The average human being only uses about 10 percent of their brain. B) All left-handed people are “right brain dominant.” C) The right side of the brain is more creative than the left side. D) Most left-handed people show a pattern of mixed-handedness.

19. Karl Wernicke was a neurologist who discovered a part of the brain that is essential for the _________ of spoken language. A) production B) comprehension C) sequencing D) organization A) production B) comprehension C) sequencing D) organization

20. The general functions of nonverbal memory and recognition of faces are among the various abilities that are regulated by which cerebral hemisphere? A) the left hemisphere B) the right hemisphere C) Both hemispheres control these functions equally. D) There is no research stating that either hemisphere dominates these skills. A) the left hemisphere B) the right hemisphere C) Both hemispheres control these functions equally. D) There is no research stating that either hemisphere dominates these skills.

21. Auditory information is received and processed in the: A) somatosensory cortex. B) temporal lobe. C) parietal lobe. D) frontal lobe. A) somatosensory cortex. B) temporal lobe. C) parietal lobe. D) frontal lobe.

22. When monkeys had their _________ destroyed they lost their fear of natural predators, such as snakes. A) right hemispheres B) left hemispheres C) amygdalas D) hippocampuses A) right hemispheres B) left hemispheres C) amygdalas D) hippocampuses

23. The ability of the one part of the brain to take over the function of another in case of injury is called: A) structural plasticity. B) neurogenesis. C) brain reintegration. D) functional plasticity. A) structural plasticity. B) neurogenesis. C) brain reintegration. D) functional plasticity.

24. If you want to keep your brain fit you can: A) try all kinds of puzzles. B) watch less television. C) read more. D) all of the above. A) try all kinds of puzzles. B) watch less television. C) read more. D) all of the above.

25. Ken was able to speak clearly after his stroke. However, he would say things like, “Carry great stittle come wattle glover some.” He likely has damage to his: A) right parietal lobe. B) Broca’s area. C) Wernicke’s area. D) corpus callosum. A) right parietal lobe. B) Broca’s area. C) Wernicke’s area. D) corpus callosum.

Stop here, or continue as a review

1. __________ communicate information to the muscles and glands of the body. A) Interneurons B) Glial neurons C) Sensory neurons D) Motor neurons A) Interneurons B) Glial neurons C) Sensory neurons D) Motor neurons

2. The _______, also called the soma, contains structures that manufacture proteins and nutrients, provide energy to the neuron, and contain the neuron’s nucleus. A) cell body B) dendrites C) axons D) synapse A) cell body B) dendrites C) axons D) synapse

3. The brief positive electrical impulse transmitted along the segments of the axon is called the: A) electrical cascade. B) stimulus threshold. C) action potential. D) sodium pump. A) electrical cascade. B) stimulus threshold. C) action potential. D) sodium pump.

4.In a neuron’s terminal buttons, tiny sacs called ________ hold special chemicals called neurotransmitters. A) glial pockets B) synaptic vesicles C) refractory cases D) nodes of Ranvier A) glial pockets B) synaptic vesicles C) refractory cases D) nodes of Ranvier

5. The neurotransmitter ________ is important in thought processes and rewarding sensations. An excess of this chemical is associated with schizophrenia. A) GABA B) dopamine C) serotonin D) acetylcholine A) GABA B) dopamine C) serotonin D) acetylcholine

6. Any nerve that lies outside of the central nervous system and extends to the outermost borders of the body is part of the ________ nervous system. A) sympathetic B) cerebral C) autonomic D) peripheral A) sympathetic B) cerebral C) autonomic D) peripheral

7. When you’re stressed and your heart races, perspiration increases, and pupils dilate, the _________ is/are activated. A) somatic nervous system B) parasympathetic nervous system C) sympathetic nervous system D) spinal reflexes A) somatic nervous system B) parasympathetic nervous system C) sympathetic nervous system D) spinal reflexes

8. James touched a hot stove. His hand immediately recoiled before he knew it was hot. The order of this spinal reflex is: A) sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons. B) sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons. C) interneurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons. D) interneurons, motor neurons, sensory neurons. A) sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons. B) sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons. C) interneurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons. D) interneurons, motor neurons, sensory neurons.

9. The pea shaped structure located just under the brain that controls the function of other glands in the body is called the __________ gland. A) adrenal B) pituitary C) thyroid D) hypothalamic A) adrenal B) pituitary C) thyroid D) hypothalamic

10. The gland that is of major interest to psychologists because of its involvement in the body’s immune functioning and stress response is the: A) adrenal gland. B) thyroid gland. C) pancreas. D) gonad. A) adrenal gland. B) thyroid gland. C) pancreas. D) gonad.

11. An early, popular pseudoscience called _______ attempted to study abilities and character by studying the shape of your head. A) cortical localization. B) phrenology. C) electroencephalography. D) neurological contours. A) cortical localization. B) phrenology. C) electroencephalography. D) neurological contours.

12. The ________ makes up about 90 percent of the human brain, and contains many of the structures that control our higher functions. A) hindbrain B) midbrain C) mesobrain D) forebrain A) hindbrain B) midbrain C) mesobrain D) forebrain

13. The ability of the brain to develop new neurons after birth is called: A) neurogenesis. B) transmigration. C) synaptogenesis. D) nothing; the brain cannot develop new neurons after birth. A) neurogenesis. B) transmigration. C) synaptogenesis. D) nothing; the brain cannot develop new neurons after birth.

14. A thick bundle of axons that connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres is called the: A) cerebral cortex. B) reticular formation. C) corpus callosum. D) pons. A) cerebral cortex. B) reticular formation. C) corpus callosum. D) pons.

15. Which of the following is not one of the brain structures contained in the limbic system? A) the reticular formation B) the hippocampus C) the hypothalamus D) the amygdala A) the reticular formation B) the hippocampus C) the hypothalamus D) the amygdala

16. A procedure called a ___________ is used to reduce the neural impulses that travel from one cerebral hemisphere to the other. A) hemispherectomy B) singulectomy C) split-brain operation D) Pons ablation A) hemispherectomy B) singulectomy C) split-brain operation D) Pons ablation

17. Cortical ___________ refers to the notion that different functions are centered in different areas of the brain. A) plasticity B) differentiation C) aphasia D) localization A) plasticity B) differentiation C) aphasia D) localization

18. Which of the following statements about the human brain is true? A) The average human being only uses about 10 percent of their brain. B) All left-handed people are “right brain dominant.” C) The right side of the brain is more creative than the left side. D) Most left-handed people show a pattern of mixed-handedness. A) The average human being only uses about 10 percent of their brain. B) All left-handed people are “right brain dominant.” C) The right side of the brain is more creative than the left side. D) Most left-handed people show a pattern of mixed-handedness.

19. Karl Wernicke was a neurologist who discovered a part of the brain that is essential for the _________ of spoken language. A) production B) comprehension C) sequencing D) organization A) production B) comprehension C) sequencing D) organization

20. The general functions of nonverbal memory, recognition of distance cues, and recognition of faces are among the various abilities that are regulated by which cerebral hemisphere? A) the left hemisphere B) the right hemisphere C) Both hemispheres control these functions equally. D) There is no research stating that either hemisphere dominates these skills. A) the left hemisphere B) the right hemisphere C) Both hemispheres control these functions equally. D) There is no research stating that either hemisphere dominates these skills.

21. Auditory information is received and processed in the: A) somatosensory cortex. B) temporal lobe. C) parietal lobe. D) frontal lobe. A) somatosensory cortex. B) temporal lobe. C) parietal lobe. D) frontal lobe.

22. When monkeys had their _________ destroyed, they lost their fear of natural predators, such as snakes. A) right hemispheres B) left hemispheres C) amygdalas D) hippocampuses A) right hemispheres B) left hemispheres C) amygdalas D) hippocampuses

23. The ability of the one part of the brain to take over the function of another in case of injury is called: A) structural plasticity. B) neurogenesis. C) brain reintegration. D) functional plasticity. A) structural plasticity. B) neurogenesis. C) brain reintegration. D) functional plasticity.

24. If you want to keep your brain fit, you can: A) try all kinds of puzzles. B) watch less television. C) read more. D) all of the above. A) try all kinds of puzzles. B) watch less television. C) read more. D) all of the above.

25. After his stroke, Ken was able to speak clearly. However, he would say things like, “Carry great stittle come wattle glover some.” He likely has damage to his: A) right parietal lobe. B) Broca’s area. C) Wernicke’s area. D) corpus callosum. A) right parietal lobe. B) Broca’s area. C) Wernicke’s area. D) corpus callosum.

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Questions written by: Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD Based on Discovering Psychology 5e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury Published by Worth Publishers, 2010 Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Questions written by: Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD Based on Discovering Psychology 5e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury Published by Worth Publishers, 2010

Answers—Chapter 2 1.D 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.A 9.B 10.A 11.B 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.C 17.D 18.D 19.A 20.B 21.B 22.B 23.C 24.D 25.B