17.1 The Origins of Progressivism OBJECTIVES: Explain the four goals of progressivism Summarize progressive efforts to clean up local government Identify progressive efforts to clean up state government, protect workers, and reform elections.

4 Goals of Progressivism 1. PROTECT SOCIAL WELFARE YMCA, Social Gospel Florence Kelley (child welfare/labor reform) 2. PROMOTE MORAL IMPROVEMENT Prohibition WCTU, Frances Willard, Carry Nation 3. CREATE ECONOMIC REFORM Reject laissez-faire policies Embrace socialism and regulation of business muckrakers 4. FOSTERING EFFICIENCY Scientific management –Frederick Winslow Taylor Assembly lines, Ford Automobile Plant

7 MAIN ACTIONS OF PROGRESSIVE REFORMERS #1 REFORM LOCAL GOVERNMENT #2 REFORM MAYORS #3 REFORM GOVERNORS #4 PROTECT WORKERS # 5 EFFORTS TO LIMIT WORKING HOURS # 6 REFORM ELECTIONS #7 DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS

CLEAN UP GOVERNMENT REFORMERS CLASH WITH POLITICAL BOSSES AND POLITICAL MACHINES #1 REFORM LOCAL GOVERNMENT Cities begin appointing experts, such as city-managers, not politicians to run cities. Ex: Galveston, Texas. #2 REFORM MAYORS Progressive and Reform mayors begin winning office, esp. Detroit and Cleveland. #3 REFORM GOVERNORS Robert M. La Follette –famous progressive governor of Wisconsin. Founded the Progressive Party.

PROGRESSIVE SOCIAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS #4 PROTECT WORKERS Workmen’s Compensation Shirtwaist Fire (1911) – catalyst for reform 1916: Keating-Owen Act – Prohibited the sale of goods produced with child labor across state lines. Sadly, it was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. By 1920 child labor is HALF what it had been in 1910.

# 5 EFFORTS TO LIMIT WORKING HOURS Maximum hours Minimum wage Muller v. Oregon (1908) – Supreme Court recognized protection for women in workplace by limiting their hours Bunting v. Oregon (1917) – Supreme Court recognized 10 hour work day for men.

# 6 REFORM ELECTIONS Initiative Referendum Recall Direct primaries Secret Ballots

7. 17th Amendment Direct election of senators What was wrong with the process before? Clause 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures. Clause 2. When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of each State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. Clause 3. This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.

TERMS Progressive movement Florence Kelley Prohibition Muckraker Scientific management Robert M. La Follette Initiative Referendum Recall 17th Amendment OBJECTIVES: Explain the four goals of progressivism Summarize progressive efforts to clean up local government Identify progressive efforts to clean up state government, protect workers, and reform elections.

Women in Public Life OBJECTIVES: Trace women’s growing presence in the turn-of-the- century workforce. Summarize women’s leadership in reform movements and the effort to achieve woman suffrage

Women in the Work Force The cult of domesticity began to wear off during the Industrial Revolution Many African American and immigrant women began to work In 1870, roughly 70% of female jobs were as servants By 1900, women were working in factories, laundries and canneries. As business expanded, women began to take “white collar” jobs Teaching, stenographers, bookkeepers, typists etc.

Women Leadership in Reform Women began to attend college in the late 19th century Schools like Harvard and Columbia who did not allow women established colleges for women NACW – National Association of Colored Women Managed nurseries, reading rooms and kindergartens Allowed African American women to have an impactful role in society

Right to vote Women fought for suffrage Women fought for suffrage in 3 different approaches 1. State level (Wyoming 1869) 2. Pursued court cases to test 14th Amendment 3. Push for a national amendment Susan B. Anthony- was a leader in the women’s suffrage movement “Would sooner cut off my right hand than ask the ballot for black man and not for women.” - S.B.A. Women formed the NAWSA, National American Woman Suffrage Association Through their efforts, they did not achieve suffrage but brought the issue to the public. The 19th Amendment was finally passed in 1919.

TERMS NACW Suffrage Susan B. Anthony NAWSA OBJECTIVES: Trace women’s growing presence in the turn-of- the-century workforce. Summarize women’s leadership in reform movements and the effort to achieve woman suffrage

17.3 Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal OBJECTIVE: Understand the reforms of Roosevelt’s Administration

Theodore Roosevelt Governor of NY. Reformer. Hero of Spanish American War. Nominated to be Vice-President by Republican party bosses. WHY?? 1901 Pres. McKinley assassinated, TR becomes President. Creates the “modern presidency” b/c of his popularity with the public and use of media/press. Uses White House as a “bully pulpit” What did he do to turn it into a “bully pulpit”?

How did Roosevelt redefine Federal Power? 2. Arbitrates the 1902 Coal Strike What was happening in the coal mines? Threatened to assume control of mines HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Govt. did not automatically back big business 1. “Square Deal” Roosevelt’s package of reforms Expands the use of federal power to reform US Why was it called the Square Deal?

4. Railroad regulation 3. Trust Busting Elkins Act of 1903 - illegal for railroads to give or receive rebates Hepburn Act of 1906 - strictly limited the distribution of free railroad passes These gave the Interstate Commerce Commission more power to curb the railroads power through federal regulation. 3. Trust Busting Mixed record of success Mixed message - considers some trusts good and other bad. Focused on filing suits under Sherman Antitrust Act of 1902 Filed 44 antitrust lawsuits

PROTECTING HEALTH 1906: Meat Inspection Act: Dictated strict cleanliness for meat factories (reaction to Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle) What did The Jungle say? 1906: Pure Food and Drug Act Halted the sale of contaminated food and medicines and called for truth in labeling

Roosevelt and REFORM CIVIL RIGHTS CONSERVATION Ambiguous record dealing with Civil Rights Hosted Booker T. Washington at White House, Yet, did not embrace reforms of NAACP What was the goal of the NAACP? CONSERVATION Created US Forest Service Creates over 50 national parks & wilderness areas

TERMS Theodore Roosevelt Square Deal The Jungle Upton Sinclair Meat Inspection Act Pure Food and Drug Act Conservation NAACP OBJECTIVE: Understand the reforms of Roosevelt’s Administration

Progressivism Under Taft Objectives: Summarize the Taft Presidency Trace the division of the Republican party Describe the election of 1912

Taft’s Presidency “Never felt like the President” Busted 90 trusts but never got the credit he deserved Payne-Aldrich Tariff Signed into law by Taft Didn’t really lower tariffs like Progressives wanted to Why were Progressives in favor of lowering tariffs? Public Land problems – Taft ended up selling many western lands to big business angering conservatives

Republican Party Splits Conservative Republicans and Progressive Republicans split Speaker of House Joseph Cannon often ignored Progressive bills He was supported by Taft Election of 1910 - the Democrats regain Congress in 1910 for first time in 18 years

Bull Moose Party Angry at Taft’s lack of success, Roosevelt ran for President again Created the Progressive Party which came to be known as the Bull Moose Party. People boasted Teddy was strong as a “bull moose” Were in favor of Progressive reforms Initiative, referendum, women’s suffrage, minimum wage etc. Democrats selected Woodrow Wilson to represent them.

Election of 1912 “Don’t interfere when your enemy is destroying himself” Taft and Roosevelt attacked each other during the campaign Taft – lenient on Big Business Roosevelt – govt. action to support big business, but didn’t oppose all of them Wilson – small business and free- market competition, ALL big business = EVIL Debs – end to capitalism

TERMS William Howard Taft Payne-Aldrich Tariff Bull Moose Party Woodrow Wilson Objectives: Summarize the Taft Presidency Trace the division of the Republican party Describe the election of 1912