FUNDAMENTAL DRIVING FORCES Compute Power Image Processing Software Communications Bandwidth Location Independent Communications

New Product Trends Limited “Convergence” of Television and Internet Internet Appliances Location Independent - Wearable - Devices Electronic and Interactive Public Displays Display Driven Transactions Display Driven Work Environments

THE ELECTRONIC HOME Homes and Electronics have different life cycles. Computers, Entertainment, and Communications will continue to dominate home displays. Computer-controlled Appliances and other integrated functions requiring changes in home wiring or construction will have slow and limited acceptance. Complicated electronic security systems such as eye recognition will have only a small market. Reliability and easy repair are important criteria.

INTERNET APPLIANCES Time Sensitive Information Electronic Commerce Data Searches Communications Later - Real-time video images Proliferation of Application Specific Products Ease of Use - Instant Access (opposite of PC) Low Cost and Virus Proof

Transportation -- Cars, Trains, & Airplanes Entertainment “Clusters”. Navigation and Communications. Minimal Usage for Basic (Dashboard) Information. Need for Sunlight Readability, Ruggedness, and Long Life.

Location Independent Communications “Wearable” Electronics Increasing Complexity of PDAs Convergence of Communications and Computers Communications and Entertainment

Advertising and Public Displays Large Video Walls Kiosks Airports Sports Stadiums Shopping Malls Logo Sites - Transit Vehicles Show Room Display Windows Many Low Resolution Signage Applications Tiled and Conformable

TOYS AND GAMES Intelligent robots. Interactive and Realistic Games. Learning Aids. Virtual Persons.

Needed -- Displays that are Versatile and Affordable Resolution Brightness - Sunlight Readable Low power - Efficient Large Panels - segmented, conformable, low cost

Status of Display Technologies For Image Quality, All Major Display Technologies are now “Good Enough.” For most Television and entertainment applications, an NTSC (or similar) signal, with image processing, meets consumer needs. CRT -- Continuing Improvements still happening Plasma -- Various Sizes from less than 35 inch to 100+ inches LCD -- Now available in sizes greater than 40 inches Projection -- Based on CRT, LC, and DMD

Currently ALL Display Technologies are “Good Enough” for Viewing in Most Applications Resolution Color Gamut Contrast Brightness Brightness in Outdoor Environments Efficiency (The big opportunity for OLEDs)

WHEN IS A DISPLAY “GOOD ENOUGH” TV to 700 Lines Progressive Scan -- Depending on Screen Size Computer Monitors x 1280 (SXGA) Hand Held Devices -- From less than 480 x 640 (VGA) to 600 x 800 (SVGA) for Internet appliances

Viewing Distance Versus Resolution for 4:3 Format

CRTs Over 100 Years of development Still an excellent display technology - especially for imaging applications. Still a dominant display -- year New innovations possible and likely –Too big and too heavy –Inherently unstable but versatile - color, geometry –Susceptible to magnetic fields

LCDs The Dominant Flat Panel Display of the next decade. From Watches to Calculators to Instruments to Avionics to Laptop Computers to Projectors. A difficult technology - made to work exceedingly well. –Temperature sensitive –Inherently poor contrast –Poor angle of view –Manufacturing costs high for Active Matrix. –Back light + filters reduce efficiency to less than 10%. The next decade will see lower cost, even larger sizes, and more use for television.

THE NEXT 10 YEARS FOR LCDs The Dominant Display Technology –Computer Monitors (15” - 20”+) –Television (20” - 60”+) –Laptop Computers –“Wearable” Electronics New backlight technologies are the next big opportunity

PLASMA PANELS The first plasma panels -- direct view gas discharge and monochrome orange color. Currently the best emissive display technology for larger sizes and video images. Challenges –efficiency –brightness –cost and manufacturing scale-up

Projection Displays Front Projection for Conference Rooms. Rear Projection for Entertainment, Video Conferencing, and desk top monitors. Competition for Plasma displays and LCD panels. Many technology approaches viable -- CRT, LCD, MEMS, and combinations of light amplifiers and color converters. New possibilities for color accuracy and display quality.

Technology Choices for Projection Displays CRT Projection Tubes for Rear Projection –Lowest Cost But Difficult to Improve Brightness and Reduce Size LCD (LCOS) for Front and Rear Projection –LCOS has good performance but is likely to be expensive because of silicon substrate processing and tight tolerances. DMD/MEMS Technologies for Front and Rear Projection –Complex Technology that combines Silicon and MEMS and is difficult to get to Lower Cost

LEDs From watches to indicator lights to stoplights to large billboards. –Best Sunlight readable emissive display technology. –Blue only recently available. –Efficient - possible future use in lighting applications, for projection displays, and for backlights. –More work needed on low-cost arrays and “active” addressing.

OLEDs Potential Advantages –High brightness –High contrast - more than 100:1 –High resolution - 12 micron pixels –High efficiency - more than 10 lumens/W –Wide viewing angle –Fast response time - typically in the microsecond range –Gray scale easy to achieve Environmental ruggedness, differential aging, and manufacturing issues are remaining challenges.

FEDs Too Many Promises -- Too Soon! Potential Advantages –Bright - sunlight readable –Less than 1/10th the thickness and weight of CRTs –Wide viewing angle –Wide temperature range –Large dimming range >50,000:1 –More efficient than backlit LCDs Fundamental material research is continuing. Manufacturing issues have not yet been resolved - except possibly by Canon/Toshiba.

Need for New Display Materials Progress in Displays and Lighting Depends on New Materials The Only “Breakthroughs” Occur at the Materials Level Wider Applications of Displays and Lighting Technologies Depend on New Materials Developments -- e.g. OLEDs

CONCLUDING REMARKS Variety is good -- but technology infrastructure is driven by large volume applications. Acceptance Threshold - when is it good enough? Breakthroughs only occur at the materials level. Micro-displays and projection technologies offer best new opportunities for specialized applications. The future is not so mysterious once we understand the rate of progress and the path required from basic materials discoveries all the way to volume manufacturing of products.