Groundwater. Porosity & Permeability Porosity: - the percentage of the total volume of a rock consisting of voids. - pore spaces: spaces between mineral.

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Presentation transcript:

Groundwater

Porosity & Permeability Porosity: - the percentage of the total volume of a rock consisting of voids. - pore spaces: spaces between mineral gains, fractures, solution cavities, vesicles - for example: vesicles & fractures in a basalt = 30-40% solution cavities in limestone = 30% spaces between grains in cemented sandstone = 5% spaces between grains in conglomerate = 20% fractures in granite = <1% Permeability: - the capacity of a rock to transmit fluids - depends on the size of the voids, and whether the voids are interconnected. - a rock can have high porosity but low permeability if the voids are not connected so as to allow water to flow. - velocity of gw averages 1 m/day to 1 m/year.

Water Table

Flow Groundwater flows downhill and into areas of low pressure. Stream beds are areas of low pressure: Natural springs.

Effluent and Influent Water table drops below level of stream bottom Water table is at or above level of stream bottom.

Spring

Spring Pic

Well Picture Groundwater Well: An artificial area of low pressure

Wells

Cone of Depression

Contaminated Wells

Vermillion GW flows N to S Town wells Wastewater treatment plant

Ogallala Ogallala Formation: A trillion gallons of water put in the ground by melting glaciers 10K years ago. This water is used for irrigation in the midwest.

Center Pivot 128 Acres

Center Pivot II

Circles

Garden City, Kansas

San Joaquin Valley

Subsidence

Artesian Water Pressurized groundwater rises from an aquifer

Blow Out

Water Tower

Water Reservoir Table Rock Reservoir, South Carolina

New York Drought 52% decrease in capacity in two years One reservoir in the Catskill Mountains

Lake Mead

Wastewater Treatment

Karst Topography

Karst I Limestone Bedrock Acidic groundwater slowly dissolves bedrock

Karst II

Small Sink

Medium Sink

Large Sink

Stalactite Water percolating through the ground leaves behind calcite (CaCO 3 ) deposits.

Cave Stalactite Stalagmite Column

Cave II

Geysers & Hot Springs

Geyser Formation Groundwater percolates downward; as it approaches magma at depth, it heats up. When it flashes into steam, the steam rushes back up to the surface forming a geyser. Then the process repeats. Sometime this process repeats at a regular interval, sometimes not.

Old Faithful

Colorado River Delta River ends here Only 10% of river water makes it into Mexico

Aral Sea Reduced in size by 60% in 30 years Commercial fishing eliminated

Lake Chad

1/20th of its size 20 yrs ago!