Chapter 21 Leading up to War

The Rise of Dictators in Europe Europeans turned to strong leaders because of the bad economy

Communism in the Soviet Union In 1917, a revolution broke out in Russia The Communist party took control of Russia Changed the name to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) Joseph Stalin became the leader in 1924 He was cruel, killing over 10 million citizens during his rule ( )

Fascism in Italy Economy was weak in Italy after WWI People turned to Benito Mussolini for change and hope 1919 he started the Italian Fascist Party Fascists support the rule of a dictator He became prime minister in 1922

Nazism in Germany The National Socialist Party (NAZI party) took over to “solve” the problems 1933 Adolf Hitler becomes chancellor, or leader Reminded people that Germany had to pay for WWI He said Germans were better than other people He said Germany should rule the world He referred to Germans as the master race

Stated that there were groups who were lower than Germans He blamed Jews and Communists for Germany’s problems 1935 Hitler said that Jews could no longer be citizens Children could not go to school Jews were forced to wear yellow badges (Star of David)

The Road to War 1936 Hitler decided to move Germany’s borders His army crossed into an area between France and Germany called the Rhineland France and Great Britain did nothing They followed a policy of appeasement 1938 Germany took control of Austria Hitler then demanded that Czechoslovakia hand over the Sudetenland France and Great Britain signed treaties to protect Czechoslovakia

The leaders of France and Great Britain met with Hitler in 1938 (Munich Conference) They allowed Hitler to keep the Sudetenland Sudetenland

War Breaks Out Again Hitler’s next target was Poland Hitler and Stalin agreed to attack Poland and divide it up September 1, 1939, Germany attacked Poland

Great Britain and France declared war on Germany 1940 Germany invaded Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France Belgium

German Advances from Maps of German Conquests

Japan Rises to Power Military leaders took control of Japan in the 1930s They developed a plan called militarism Japan needed natural resources for its industries 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria in north China to get coal and oil 1932 Japan set up a puppet state in Manchuria 1937 Japan attacks China The U.S. did not send military help to China

Japan’s Control over China

Japan wanted to control all of eastern Asia for the natural resources The most important resource was oil European countries had many colonies in Asia that controlled the natural resources Japan was becoming friendly with Germany and Italy All three signed an anti-Communist pact

From Isolation to Pearl Harbor Most Americans did not want alliances with other countries for fear of war The U.S. passed several laws from to keep it out of war Many Americans wanted the U.S. to practice isolationism Congress passed a cash-and-carry policy so that nations could buy goods that they could pay cash for President Roosevelt believed that the U.S. should help other countries stand up to bullies

End of Isolation President Roosevelt became the first President to run for a third term He promised to keep the U.S. out of war 1940 he was reelected FDR asked for the first peacetime draft in U.S. history

In 1940 Winston Churchill, leader of Great Britain, asked the U.S. for help against Nazi Germany Britain did not have enough money to buy weapons Winston Churchill

FDR asked Congress to pass a lend-lease plan This would allow FDR the power to lend or lease supplies to allies of the U.S Congress passed the lend-lease plan The U.S. had to ship supplies to Britain German submarines attacked American ships October 1941, German subs sank a U.S. Navy ship killing 115 sailors

Pearl Harbor In September 1940, Japan became an ally of Germany and Italy Japan continued to expand in Asia FDR stopped trade with Japan (1941) He banned oil shipments to Japan Japan and U.S. began talks in November 1941 Japan was also planning to attach Pearl Harbor (naval base in Hawaii)

The Attack December 7, 1941, Japanese pilots headed toward Pearl Harbor Japanese plans destroyed 19 American ships Over 2,400 Americans were killed December 8, 1941, Congress declared war on Japan December 11 Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. FDR’s speech

Images of Pearl Harbor

Deployment of attacking Japanese aircraft 183 aircraft of the first attack wave were launched from the six Imperial Japanese Navy At approximately 7:15 A.M. the second wave of aircraft was launched and 170 more aircraft were on their way to Pearl Harbor.

Shattered by a direct hit, the USS Arizona burns and sinks, December 7, 1941

Aerial view of the USS Arizona Memorial

Damage at Pearl Harbor

Attack on Pearl Harbor

Roosevelt signs the Declaration of War

Events Leading to WWII October 1922 – Mussolini gains power in Italy September 1931 – Japan invades Manchuria January 1933 – Hitler becomes leader of Germany July 1937 – Japanese move farther into China March 1938 – Munich Conference is held August 1939 – Nazi-Soviet Pact signed September 1939 – Germany invades Poland