Section 1: From Bull Run to Antietam Chapter 11: The Civil War Section 1: From Bull Run to Antietam

The First Battle of Bull Run AKA Battle of Manassas Lincoln ordered the Union headed by Gen. Irving McDowell into action July 16- marched the poorly prepared army into VA Manassas- important railroad junction

Opposed by PGT Beauregard As the Union marched, there was a huge crowd of reporters, politicians, & other civilians Beauregard was able to strengthen his army (11,000 men)

McDowell attacked on July 21st South refused to give up Led by Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Reinforced by more troops Sides 35,000 troops on each side Union 2,900 casualties Confederacy 2,000

More railroad tracks & factories Balanced economy Preparing for War North More railroad tracks & factories Balanced economy More money in the bank Functioning army/ government 2/3 of the population

South Military colleges (officers) Didn’t need to initiate military action to win the war Fighting to preserve their way of life

Union Military Strategies Lincoln ordered a naval blockade of the seceded states Hoped to keep the south from shipping its cotton to Europe & prevent them from importing goods

Plan was to use troops & gunboats to gain control of the Mississippi & cut off the South Named the Anaconda Plan Confederate War Strategies Prepare & wait (defensive war) War of attrition

More successful for the north Stopped exporting cotton Sudden loss would cause Great Britain & France to help the south gain its independence failed

Tactics & Technology Gun manufacturers Bullet shaped ammo drifted less as it flew through the air Rifling would make a fired bullet pick up spin (pg 384) Hit targets 500 yards away Artillery Gunners fired shells & canisters

War in the west General George McClellan was to build & command a new army Led by General Ulysses S. Grant

Fort Henry & Donelson Feb. 1862 Grant advanced south along the Tennessee River These forts were important water routes into the western Confed. Feb. 6– Union gunboats pounded Ft Henry into surrender & a few days later Ft Donelson did too

The Battle of Shiloh Late March, Grant advanced toward Corinth, Miss. Opposed by Gen. Albert Johnston & 40,000 troops Grant stopped at Pittsburg Landing waiting for more troops Johnston decided to attack

April 6 Johnston’s forces surprised Grant Fighting quickly spread along a battle line 6 miles long End of first day, Union forces had been pushed back nearly into the Tennessee River

April 7th- Union reinforcement arrived overnight Defeated the South Casualties Union 13,000/Confederacy 11,000 including Johnston Bloodiest single battle- destroyed Northern hopes that war would soon be over

Action on the Mississippi Naval squadron led by David Farragut forced the surrender of New Orleans Took over Baton Rouge, Natchez (Miss.), & Memphis Only ports left were Vicksburg (Miss) & Port Hudson (LA) If the Union controls the Mississippi, Confederacy will be split

War in the East Union warships maintained the blockade of Virginia Confederate secret weapon to fight the blockade Ship resembling a floating barn Cannon balls bounced off like rubber balls Destroyed or damaged 3 Union ships

The Monitor & the Merrimack South bolted iron plates to an old wooden steam ship (Merrimack) Union’s wooden navy was no match North learned of building ships with iron & Lincoln ordered some to be made

March 9 Monitor arrived off VA to confront the Merrimack Neither ship was able to do much damage to the other After several hours the Merrimack withdrew Never met again

Confederates blew up the Merrimack Monitor sank in a storm In a single day, wooden navies became obsolete

The Peninsular Campaign May 1862 McClellan landed near Norfolk trying to capture Richmond Strengths- outstanding organizer, excellent strategy & well liked Weakness- very cautious & never seemed ready to fight

Transported 100,000 troops to a peninsula southeast of Richmond McClellan asked for more troops Despite urging from Lincoln to act, he didn’t Waited outside Yorktown for one month

May 31st South suddenly attacked Battle of Seven Pines (Union victory)

The South Attacks Jackson pretended to prepare for an attack on Washington Lincoln cancelled the orders for McClellan’s additional troops to protect the capital

Jackson then joined Lee outside Richmond & attacked McClellan called the Seven Days’ Battle (Confederate Victory)

Second Battle of Bull Run Gen. John Pope was put in overall command (north) Lee divided his army & sent Jackson north in a sweeping movement around Pope’s position Struck behind Pope’s army & destroyed supplies

Pope ordered an attack on Jackson while Lee attacked Confederate victory & McClellan was returned to command

The Battle of Antietam Lee decided to come up & invade the North McClellan found Lee’s orders but he hesitated 16 hours before ordering his troops after Lee Met near Sharpsburg, MD Sept 17 Confederates retreated after high losses