Japan’s Modernization Emperor Meiji at Age 27

Overview By the 1800s, discontent simmered throughout Japan The government responded by trying to revive old ways. The United States forced Japan to grant trading rights and forced unequal treaties on Japan. Commodore Perry sails into Edo Bay Some Japanese demanded social and economic reforms Discontented daimyo overthrew the shogun and “restored” the emperor to power. The Meiji restoration, lasted from 1868 to 1912.

Political Reforms Adopted the German model of government Adopted the German model of government Set forth the principle that all people were equal under the law Set forth the principle that all people were equal under the law Established a western-style bureaucracy Established a western-style bureaucracy Used western technology to strengthen the military Used western technology to strengthen the military Ended the special privilege of samurai (no swords/salaries went to the gov’t/many became teachers Ended the special privilege of samurai (no swords/salaries went to the gov’t/many became teachers

Economic Reforms Built railroads, telegraph lines, and started a postal system Built railroads, telegraph lines, and started a postal system Unified currency Unified currency Tax reforms Tax reforms Built factories and sold them to wealthy business families Built factories and sold them to wealthy business families

Social Reforms Ended legal distinctions between classes Ended legal distinctions between classes Set up schools and a university Set up schools and a university Hired westerners to teach the new generation modern technology Hired westerners to teach the new generation modern technology

Railway Mileage in the Late Nineteenth Century Railway Mileage in the Late Nineteenth Century Japan Japan

Imperial Japan Territories added Territories added  Bonin islands  Ryukyu islands  Okinawa—War w/China  Taiwan—War w/ China  Pescadore Islands  Kurile islands

Sino—Japanese War —fought over Korea —fought over Korea Japanese victory Japanese victory Triple Intervention Triple Intervention  Russia, France, & Germany China severely weakened China severely weakened 1896—Russia forces China to sign Russo- China treaty 1896—Russia forces China to sign Russo- China treaty  Trans-Siberian R/R comes through Manchuria  Receive a 25 year lease on Port Arthur

Imperial Russia

Russo—Japanese War Japan feared Russian influence in Manchuria & Korea (Sino-War) Japan feared Russian influence in Manchuria & Korea (Sino-War) February 5, 1904 Japan attacked Russian ship at Port Arthur (Manchuria) February 5, 1904 Japan attacked Russian ship at Port Arthur (Manchuria) Russia outnumbered Japan in men & resources Russia outnumbered Japan in men & resources Russia’s navy long trip (still lost) Russia’s navy long trip (still lost)

Russo-Japanese WAR Russo-Japanese WAR Siege of Port Arthur—220,000 Russians vs.160,000 Japanese (August 1904) Siege of Port Arthur—220,000 Russians vs.160,000 Japanese (August 1904) Russia—50,000 Casualties, Japan—98,000 Battle of Mukden—330,000 Russians vs. 250,000 Japanese (March 1905)  Fight to standstill  Russia 90,000 casualties, Japan 70,000

Japanese soldiers in the Russo-Japanese war watch Russians evacuate Liaoyang.

May 1905—Battle of Tsushima—Russia’s entire Baltic fleet sunk—26 Warships May 1905—Battle of Tsushima—Russia’s entire Baltic fleet sunk—26 Warships Russia’s most embarrassing defeat Russia’s most embarrassing defeat Russia sues for peace Russia sues for peace U.S. President Teddy Roosevelt arbitrates treaty—September 5, 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth signed U.S. President Teddy Roosevelt arbitrates treaty—September 5, 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth signed

A postcard commemorating New Hampshire negotiations Left to right = Russian Finance Minister Count Sergei Witte, Baron Rosen, US President Theodore Roosevelt, Japanese Ambassador to the US Kogoro Takahira, and Japanese Foreign Minister Jutaro Komura

Terms Russia must recognize Japans military, economic, and industrial interest in Korea Russia must recognize Japans military, economic, and industrial interest in Korea Russia had to give up lease of Lioutung peninsula, and Port Arthur Russia had to give up lease of Lioutung peninsula, and Port Arthur Japan received South Manchurian R/R Japan received South Manchurian R/R Russia gave up southern portion of Sakhalin Islands Russia gave up southern portion of Sakhalin Islands Japan World Power Japan World Power

The World’s View Yellow Peril Yellow Peril

Japanese Conquests Attacks & defeats China Attacks & defeats China –got Taiwan Russo-Japanese War- defeated Russia Russo-Japanese War- defeated Russia –got Manchuria Attacked Korea Attacked Korea –annexed Korean Peninsula.

Consequences for Russia Tsar Nicholas II discredited Tsar Nicholas II discredited Political strikes Political strikes Internal upheavals Internal upheavals Food shortages Food shortages Russian soldiers turn to socialism Russian soldiers turn to socialism Liberal parties form Liberal parties form

Bloody Sunday January 22, 1905— Peaceful demonstration Led by Father Gapon & 150,000 workers

Bloody Sunday Present petition Present petition  Creation of constitution  Freedom of press, religion, assembly  Separation of church & state  Labor—8 hr. work day  Amnesty for political leaders Protesters met by Cossack troops Protesters met by Cossack troops Shots fired—1,000 dead, 2,000 wounded Shots fired—1,000 dead, 2,000 wounded

Problems People no longer see Tsar as their protector People no longer see Tsar as their protector Epidemic of strikes & assassinations Epidemic of strikes & assassinations Potemkin Mutiny Potemkin Mutiny  Sailors revolt against conditions in military October 1905—general strike October 1905—general strike Russia shut down Russia shut down

October Manifesto Constitution Constitution Right to vote Right to vote Reform Duma Reform Duma Legalize political powers Legalize political powers 1 st time Tsars political powers limited 1 st time Tsars political powers limited

Nicholas II Nicholas II Dissolved the Duma 3 times in 7 years He ignored the constitution In 1907 he issued new laws to limit the people who could vote His actions cemented a revolutionary underclass in Russia