Visualizing riverine landscapes Pool/riffle Landscape Microhabitat

Continuous patterns and processes River continuum concept (Vannote et al. 1980)

Fish distribution along the longitudinal stream profile (Li et al. 1987) Distance upstream Coldwater Coolwater Warmwater

Site-based approach (Rahel and Hubert. 1991)

A more spatially continuous approach…

Perception and pattern recognition (Watanabe 1985) Wittgenstein’s duck-rabbit Seeing Thinking

Pattern detection f (grain, extent) (Wiens 1989) Grain, extent and pattern detection

Spatial scope (Schneider 1994) Scope extent grain Landsat TM 3.8 x 10 7 Human (20/20) 9.7 x 10 7 Eagle 1.7 x 10 9

Changes in scope as a function of grain and extent Increases in extent AND decreases in grain size Increases in extent ONLY

Scope of spatially continuous versus site- based sampling The inferred component of a survey is the magnification factor 1 n / scope n = 22 S = 22 n = 4 n = 4 S = 16

Increasing the scope of stream research fishes New approaches for sampling lotic environments

Intensive sampling Backpack electrofishing Boat electrofishing

Backpack electrofishing Underwater surveys Extensive sampling Remote sensing

“a choice has to be made between a traditional measurement method, with known characteristics, and a newer one with greater capacity but less well known performance” (Schneider 1994)

Extensive sampling Underwater surveys

Patchiness in fish distribution

Airborne remote sensing

Thermal heterogeneity

Gather information to enable pattern detection.Gather information to enable pattern detection. Maintain flexibility across scales as opposed to identifying the “appropriate” scale.Maintain flexibility across scales as opposed to identifying the “appropriate” scale. Incorporate spatial context into ecological models as additional information rather than noise.Incorporate spatial context into ecological models as additional information rather than noise. Conclusions

1.View aquatic and terrestrial systems as landscapes in and of themselves—as riverscapes, seascapes, thermal landscapes, etc. Recommendations

Thermal landscapes in forests (Lutz et al. 2012)

2.Integrate site-based studies and spatially continuous sampling to place distributional surveys within a temporal context. Recommendations (continued)

Spatiotemporal tradeoffs of site-based vs. spatially continuous sampling

Role of fish movement? Temporal patterns (Baxter 2002) ? ? ?

Thermal mappingThermal mapping Spatially continuousSpatially continuous Multiple scalesMultiple scales Site-based monitoringSite-based monitoring Temporally continuousTemporally continuous Seasonal trendsSeasonal trends An integrated approach 6/237/138/28/229/11 Day Water temperature (°C)

3.Incorporate pattern detection explicitly as a part of the scientific process. Recommendations (continued)

Scope and scientific discovery Geller, M. J., and J. P. Huchra Mapping the universe. Science 246: Mapping galaxies using a less precise, but higher-scope, method.

The search for patterns in ecology Experimentation Pattern detection Mathematical models Prediction (Lawton 1996)

“Now, here, you see, it takes all the running you can do to, to keep in the same place. If you want to get somewhere else, you must run at least twice as fast as that!” L. Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass

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