MUSCULAR SYSTEM 600 muscles in human body Bundles of tiny contractile muscle fibers Held together by connective tissue Fibers initiate movement when stimulated by nerve endings Recreate Figure 9-5 page 249

MUSCULAR STRUCTURES Sarcoplasm >Myofibril >Endomysium = fiber bundle Bundle > Perimysium > Epimysium

MUSCULAR MOVEMENT Rotation Adduction Abduction Extension Flexion Plantar and palmar Dorsiflexion Eversion Inversion

INJURIES Muscle Spasm Involuntary Contraction due to injury Muscle strain 3 grades Myositis ossificans Calcium build up Tendonitis Overuse Muscle Soreness AOMS vs. DOMS Muscle Stiffness Fluid collections Muscle Cramps Involuntary contraction Due to fatigue or heat Muscle Guarding Not allowing movement

JOINTS Made up of bones connected by Ligaments (collagen elastic fibers) Synovial Fluid (lubrication for friction) Cartilage (shock absorption & motion control) Hyaline-Respiratory system & end of bones Fibrous-Vertebral discs, symphsis pubis, menisci Elastic-External ear & Eustachian tube

JOINTS Three categories 1. Fibrous/Synarthrotic – Immovable joints bones of cranium 2. Cartilaginous/Amphiarthrotic – Slightly moveable vertebra of spine 3. Synovial/Diarthrotic – Freely moveable elbow, knee, fingers

TYPES OF JOINTS Ball & Socket shoulder Pivot wrist Hinge elbow Saddle thumb Condyloid metacarpals Gliding vertebrae JOINT CHART 1)List the major joints of the body (shoulder, hip, wrist, spine, ankle etc) 2) Use Text page 332 3) Identify TYPE of JOINT 4) Describe the MOVEMENT of the joint.

INJURIES Ligament or capsular sprains Dislocations and subluxations Synovitis and bursitis

SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 bones Provide support for muscles, fat, and soft tissues Protect internal organs Provides attachment for muscles Produce blood cells (hematopoiesis) Store majority of the body’s calcium supply Provide leverage for lifting and movement

Skeletal Trauma Anatomical Characteristics Dense connective tissue matrix Outer compact tissue Inner porous cancellous bone

Ossification work of osteoblasts & osteoclasts Involves growth of diaphysis and the epiphyseal growth plates towards one another As cartilage matures, immature osteoblasts replace to ultimately form solid bone Bone diameter increases via the activity of osteoblasts adding to the exterior Balance between -blasts & -clasts at full size BONE GROWTH

Deforming forces, premature injury, growth plate dislocation can alter growth patterns and/or result in deformity of bone Changes in activity and hormonal levels can alter balance Bone loss begins to exceed external bone growth overtime As thickness decreases, bones are less resistant to forces --osteoporosis Bone’s functional adaptation to stresses follows Wolff’s Law --every change in form and function or in its function alone is followed by changes in architectural design BONE DEFORMITY

FRACTURE Pain at the site of an injury Deformity Open (compound) vs. Closed (with in the skin) Edema at the injury site Swelling Ecchymosis Bruising

FRACTURE SYMPTOMS Grating or crepitation Crackling sound when bone is moved Immobility Numbness or tingling Pale or cold skin due to impaired circulation

FRACTURES Depressed Greenstick Impacted Longitudinal Serrated Contrecoup Blowout Avulsion Oblique Butterfly (Oblique- transverse) Spiral Transverse Comminuted Metaphyseal Compression

CHRONIC JOINT INJURIES Osteochondrosis Osteoarthritis Bursistis