Kingdom Animalia

Bellringer 3/22/11—Copy questions and answer on page 29 1. Which of these organisms do you think are animals? 2. On what characteristics did you base your answer? Gerbils Porcupine Sponges Jellyfish Barnacles

Characteristics of Animals Multicellular Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Have to digest food Lack cell walls Ability to move

Two Categories of Animals Invertebrates Without a backbone Vertebrates With a backbone

Growth and Development Fertilization: may be internal or external; most animals develop from a fertilized egg cell called a zygote. After fertilization, the zygote of different animal species all have similar, genetically determined stages of development.

Body Temperatures— Endothermic vs. Ectothermic Endotherms are warm-blooded; they maintain a stable internal body temperature (by homeostasis) regardless of environmental temp. Ectotherms are cold-blooded; their body temperatures are dependent on environmental heat sources (temperature, basking in the sun)

Review Questions What are the 6 major characteristics of animals? What is fertilization? Name an ectothermic animal.

Body Symmetry Symmetry describes the arrangement of body structures

Symmetry Asymmetry: body with an irregular shape Ex- Sponges

Symmetry Radial- body can be cut through any plane and be exactly alike (Ex: Starfish) Bilateral – body can be cut in two with both halves being exactly alike. (Ex: Humans)

Anatomical Terms Dorsal/Posterior—towards the back Ventral/Anterior—towards the front Superior—towards the head Inferior—towards the bottom

Body Plan Terms Cephalization—concentration of sensory/brain structures at anterior end of animal (head)

Digestive System: Function = Provides energy HOW??? 1) stores & digests food; 2)absorbs nutrients; 3) eliminates wastes Incomplete digestive system: one opening; food and waste enter and exit from the same opening Complete digestive system: two openings; food enters the mouth and wastes exit the anus

Skeletal System: FUNCTION = Provides protection Exoskeleton: Rigid outer covering to protect the animal’s soft tissue Limits size & impedes movement Does not grow; must be shed & replaced Endoskeleton: Internal skeleton Can support a large, heavy body Grows as the animal grows

FYI The endoskeleton is an internal skeleton that protects internal organs and provides an internal brace for muscles to pull against. Bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals all have endoskeletons made of bone.

Review Questions What are the three types of symmetry? What are some animal examples of each? What are some of the anatomical terms used to describe animals? What type of digestive system do humans have?

Circulatory System: FUNCTION = Moves materials to and from the cells Open circulation—fluid pumped from vessels into body cavity, then returned to vessels (Ex. arthropods and most mollusks) Closed circulation-- fluid stays in vessels (Ex. some mollusks, higher invertebrates, and all vertebrates

Reproductive System: FUNCTION = Provides offspring Hermaphrodites- individuals who have both male & female reproductive structure; usually sessile (fixed in one place) – this increases the chances of finding a mate

Reproductive System: FUNCTION = Provides offspring Asexual reproduction- Involves only one parent; no recombination of genes—a clone is made Sexual reproduction- Involves two parents; recombines genes from two parents; helps with genetic recombination

Reproductive System: FUNCTION = Provides offspring External fertilization- egg and sperm are released into the water; large numbers of eggs Internal fertilization- eggs are fertilized by sperm inside the mother’s body; fewer numbers of eggs

Reproductive System: FUNCTION = Provides offspring Amniote egg; an egg enclosed in amniotic fluid and membranes for protection

Phylum Porifera Phylum Cnidaria Animal Phyla Phylum Porifera Phylum Cnidaria

Phylum: Porifera “Sponges” CHARACTERISTICS: Invertebrates Ectothermic (cold-blooded) Asymetrical (no shape) Digestive System – None Skeletal System – None Circulatory System – None Reproductive System – Hermaphrodite or Asexual Examples - Sponges Phylum: Porifera “Sponges”

Phylum: Porifera *means “pore-bearing” *simplest multicellular animals. Description: a.) sessile – do not move. b.) filter-feeders c.) no tissues or organs. d.) spicules make up skeleton. e.) osculum - opening at top

Phylum: CNIDARIA CHARACTERISTICS: Invertebrates Ectothermic (cold-blooded) Radial symmetry Digestive System – Incomplete Skeletal System – None Circulatory System – None *Reproductive System Hermaphrodite or Asexual hydra Phylum: CNIDARIA Sea anemone jellyfish

Phylum: CNIDARIA Examples: hydra, jellyfish, coral, sea anemone Description: a.) have tentacles b.) have nematocyst – stinging cells c.) body forms: medusa & polyp MEDUSA FORM – mobile POLYP FORM - sessile

Phylum Platyhelminthes Phylum Nematoda Phylum Mollusca

Phylum: Platyhelminthes “Flatworms” planarian CHARACTERISTICS: Invertebrates Ectothermic (cold-blooded) “BILATERAL” symmetry Digestive System – Incomplete Skeletal System – None Circulatory System – None *Reproductive System Hermaphrodite or Asexual Phylum: Platyhelminthes “Flatworms” tapeworm fluke

Phylum: Platyhelminthes *from Greek “platy” means “flat”, and “helminthes” means “worm”. Description: a.) soft, flat and unsegmented body b.) many are parasitic c.) a mouth but no anus d.) nerve system called nerve net. Examples: planarians, tapeworms, flukes Nerve net fluke

Life Cycle of a Flatworm Adult flukes Embryos released Larva Snail host Human host

Phylum: NEMATODA “ROUND WORMS” HOOKWORM CHARACTERISTICS: Invertebrates Ectothermic (cold-blooded) Bilateral symmetry Digestive System – *COMPLETE Skeletal System – None Circulatory System – None *Reproductive System - * Hermaphrodites SPECIAL FEATURES: Complete Digestive System Hermaphrodites Phylum: NEMATODA “ROUND WORMS” trichinosis

hookworms, pinworms, trichinella Phylum: NEMATODA hookworm Description: a.) cylindrical, ROUND body b.) *contain 3 cell layers c.) *complete digestive system. d.) many are parasitic Examples: hookworms, pinworms, trichinella Ascaris Trichinella

FYI: Roundworm parasites of humans Hookworm infections are common in humans in warm climates where they walk on contaminated soil in bare feet. FYI: Roundworm parasites of humans Hookworms cause people to feel weak and tired due to blood loss.

FYI: Roundworm parasites of humans Pinworms are the most common human roundworm parasites in the United States. Pinworms are highly contagious because eggs can survive for up to two weeks on surfaces.

FYI: Ascaris Eggs of Ascaris are found in soil and enter a human’s body through the mouth. Ascaris worm coming out of a pig.

FYI: Heartworms Spread from host to host through the bites of mosquitoes. Most common host is the dog but it can also infect cats, wolves, coyotes, foxes and other animals, such as ferrets, sea lions and even, under very rare circumstances, humans.

Phylum: MOLLUSCA CHARACTERISTICS: Invertebrates Ectothermic (cold-blooded) Bilateral symmetry Digestive System – Complete Skeletal System – None Circulatory System – *OPEN* *Reproductive System – *Hermaphrodites (some) **SPECIAL FEATURES** 2 or 3 chambered heart. Squid Phylum: MOLLUSCA Nautilus octopus

Phylum: MOLLUSCA Giant clam Sea Slug Description: *from Latin word, “molluscus” - soft *2ND Largest Phylum of Animals Description: a.) consists of shell and soft body b.) 3 Main Body Parts *head, visceral mass, and foot c.) have simple nervous systems and some even have brains d.) terrestrial and marine Examples: oysters, clams, snails, slugs, octopus, squid, nautilus Giant clam Sea Slug

Mollusks

Phylum: ANNELIDA “Segmented worms” CHARACTERISTICS: Invertebrates Ectothermic (cold-blooded) Bilateral symmetry Digestive System – Complete Skeletal System – None Circulatory System – *Closed* *Reproductive System – *Hermaphrodites; Sexual Reproduction **SPECIAL FEATURES** Closed Circulatory System Earthworm Phylum: ANNELIDA “Segmented worms” Leeches

Phylum: ANNELIDA “Segmented worms” Beard worm Description: a.) oxygen diffuses through skin b.) have setae—external bristles for movement c.) terrestrial and marine Examples: Earthworms, leeches, marine worms Phylum: ANNELIDA “Segmented worms” Christmas tree worm

Phylum: ARTHROPODA “Arthropods” Crabs CHARACTERISTICS: Invertebrates Ectothermic (cold-blooded) Bilateral symmetry Digestive System – Complete Skeletal System – Exo- Circulatory System – *Closed* *Reproductive System – *Sexual Reproduction **SPECIAL FEATURES** Jointed parts Phylum: ARTHROPODA “Arthropods” Bull Ant

b.) they shed exoskeletons by molting Locust molting Description: a.) have segments fused into three main body sections: head, thorax, abdomen b.) they shed exoskeletons by molting c.) terrestrial and marine (breathe by gills, chest holes, or lungs) Examples: Insects, arachnids, millipedes, centipedes, crustaceans “Evil” Butterflies Lobster

A termite mound made by the cathedral termite

The Arachnids: Ticks & Mites American House Mites

Phylum: Echinodermata “Echinoderms” CHARACTERISTICS: Invertebrates Ectothermic (cold-blooded) Radial symmetry Digestive System – Complete Skeletal System – Exo- Circulatory System – Open Reproductive System – * Sexually with gametes, asexually with regeneration **SPECIAL FEATURES** Both sexual & asexual Phylum: Echinodermata “Echinoderms”

Egyptian Sea Star Sand Dollars Spiny Cushion Sea Star Description: a.) have exoskeletons made of calcium carbonate. b.) Move with tube feet—appendages with suction cups c.) Have mouth, stomach, intestines, but no head/brain Examples: Sea stars (starfish), sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars, feather stars Feather Star Egyptian Sea Star Sand Dollars