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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Chapter 14 Main Points  The Nature of Psychological Disorders  Classifying Psychological Disorders  Psychology in Your Life: Is “Insanity” Really a Defense?  Major Types of Psychological Disorders  Psychology in the 21 st Century: Pinpointing Interactions of Nature and Nurture  Schizophrenic Disorders  The Stigma of Mental Illness  The Nature of Psychological Disorders  Classifying Psychological Disorders  Psychology in Your Life: Is “Insanity” Really a Defense?  Major Types of Psychological Disorders  Psychology in the 21 st Century: Pinpointing Interactions of Nature and Nurture  Schizophrenic Disorders  The Stigma of Mental Illness

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon What is Abnormal?  Distress or Disability  Maladaptiveness  Irrationality  Unpredictability  Unconventionality and Statistical Rarity  Observer Discomfort  Violation of Moral and Ideal Standards  Distress or Disability  Maladaptiveness  Irrationality  Unpredictability  Unconventionality and Statistical Rarity  Observer Discomfort  Violation of Moral and Ideal Standards

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Historical Perspectives  Hysteria  Emergence of the Medical Model –Possession –Mental illness  Emergence of the Psychological Model –Animal Magnetism –Hypnotism  Hysteria  Emergence of the Medical Model –Possession –Mental illness  Emergence of the Psychological Model –Animal Magnetism –Hypnotism

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Etiology of Psychopathology  Biological Approaches  Psychological Approaches –Psychodynamic –Behavioral –Cognitive –Sociocultural  Biological Approaches  Psychological Approaches –Psychodynamic –Behavioral –Cognitive –Sociocultural

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Classifying Psychological Disorders  Goals of Classification –Common shorthand language used by clinicians and treatment specialists –Understanding of etiology (causes) –Treatment planning  Goals of Classification –Common shorthand language used by clinicians and treatment specialists –Understanding of etiology (causes) –Treatment planning

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Classifying Psychological Disorders  DSM-IV (1994) and DSM-IV-TR (2000) –Axis I – Clinical Disorders –Axis II – Personality Disorders, Mental Retardation –Axis III – General Medical Conditions –Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental Problems (Psychosocial Stressors) –Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF Scale)  DSM-IV (1994) and DSM-IV-TR (2000) –Axis I – Clinical Disorders –Axis II – Personality Disorders, Mental Retardation –Axis III – General Medical Conditions –Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental Problems (Psychosocial Stressors) –Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF Scale)

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Classifying Psychological Disorders  Evolution of Diagnostic Categories –Neurotic Disorders –Psychotic Disorders –Homosexuality –Culture-bound Syndromes  Evolution of Diagnostic Categories –Neurotic Disorders –Psychotic Disorders –Homosexuality –Culture-bound Syndromes

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Major Types of Psychological Disorders  Anxiety Disorders  Mood Disorders  Personality Disorders  Dissociative Disorders  Schizophrenic Disorders  Anxiety Disorders  Mood Disorders  Personality Disorders  Dissociative Disorders  Schizophrenic Disorders

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Anxiety Disorders: Types  Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) –Individual feels anxious and worried most of the time without specific threat or danger  Panic Disorder –Unexpected, severe panic attacks  Agoraphobia –Extreme fear of being in public places from which escape may be difficult  Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) –Individual feels anxious and worried most of the time without specific threat or danger  Panic Disorder –Unexpected, severe panic attacks  Agoraphobia –Extreme fear of being in public places from which escape may be difficult

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Anxiety Disorders: Types  Phobias –Persistent and irrational fear of an object, activity, or situation  Social Phobia –Arises in anticipation of a public situation  Specific Phobia –Occurs in response to specific types of objects or situations  Phobias –Persistent and irrational fear of an object, activity, or situation  Social Phobia –Arises in anticipation of a public situation  Specific Phobia –Occurs in response to specific types of objects or situations

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Anxiety Disorders: Types  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) –Obsessions – recurrent thoughts, images, or impulses –Compulsions – repetitive, purposeful acts performed according to certain rules or rituals  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) –Obsessions – recurrent thoughts, images, or impulses –Compulsions – repetitive, purposeful acts performed according to certain rules or rituals

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Anxiety Disorders: Types  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) –The persistent re-experiencing of traumatic events, i.e., war, combat, crime, disaster.  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) –The persistent re-experiencing of traumatic events, i.e., war, combat, crime, disaster.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Anxiety Disorders: Causes  Biological  Psychodynamic  Behavioral  Cognitive  Biological  Psychodynamic  Behavioral  Cognitive

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Mood Disorders: Types  Major Depressive Disorder –Intense feeling of depression over an extended time  Bipolar Disorder –Alternating periods of depression and mania  Manic Episode –Extreme elation, euphoria, grandiose thoughts or feelings  Major Depressive Disorder –Intense feeling of depression over an extended time  Bipolar Disorder –Alternating periods of depression and mania  Manic Episode –Extreme elation, euphoria, grandiose thoughts or feelings

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Mood Disorders: Causes  Biological  Psychodynamic  Behavioral  Cognitive –Beck’s Cognitive Triad –Seligman’s Learned Helplessness Theory  Biological  Psychodynamic  Behavioral  Cognitive –Beck’s Cognitive Triad –Seligman’s Learned Helplessness Theory

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Beck’s Cognitive Triad Model Beck’s Cognitive Triad Model suggests that depressed individuals have the following: (1) a negative view of themselves; (2) a negative view of the world; and, (3) a negative view of the future Beck’s Cognitive Triad Model suggests that depressed individuals have the following: (1) a negative view of themselves; (2) a negative view of the world; and, (3) a negative view of the future

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Learned Helplessness  Seligman and Learned Helplessness –Similarities between Depression and Helplessness –Hopelessness Theory of Depression  Seligman and Learned Helplessness –Similarities between Depression and Helplessness –Hopelessness Theory of Depression

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Mood Disorders  Gender Differences in Depression  Suicide  Gender Differences in Depression  Suicide

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Personality Disorders  Paranoid Personality Disorder  Histrionic Personality Disorder  Narcissistic Personality Disorder  Antisocial Personality Disorder  Paranoid Personality Disorder  Histrionic Personality Disorder  Narcissistic Personality Disorder  Antisocial Personality Disorder

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Dissociative Disorders  Dissociative Disorder –Notion of Multiple Personality –Disturbance in integration of identity, memory, or consciousness –Dissociative Amnesia –Inability to remember personal experiences  Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) –Two or more distinct personalities –Cases of “Sybil,” “Three Faces of Eve”  Dissociative Disorder –Notion of Multiple Personality –Disturbance in integration of identity, memory, or consciousness –Dissociative Amnesia –Inability to remember personal experiences  Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) –Two or more distinct personalities –Cases of “Sybil,” “Three Faces of Eve”

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Schizophrenic Disorders  Schizophrenic Disorder –Breakdown of integrated personality functioning, withdrawal from reality, emotional distortions, disturbed thought  Hallucinations –False perceptions  Delusions –False or irrational beliefs  Schizophrenic Disorder –Breakdown of integrated personality functioning, withdrawal from reality, emotional distortions, disturbed thought  Hallucinations –False perceptions  Delusions –False or irrational beliefs

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Major Types of Schizophrenia  Disorganized Type  Catatonic Type  Paranoid Type  Undifferentiated Type  Residual Type  Disorganized Type  Catatonic Type  Paranoid Type  Undifferentiated Type  Residual Type

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Causes of Schizophrenia  Genetic Approaches  Diathesis-stress Hypothesis  Brain Function and Biological Markers  Family Interaction as Environmental Stressor  Genetic Approaches  Diathesis-stress Hypothesis  Brain Function and Biological Markers  Family Interaction as Environmental Stressor

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Stigma of Mental Illness  Stigma defined –Negative reaction to an individual or group because of some assumed inferiority  Stigma defined –Negative reaction to an individual or group because of some assumed inferiority

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Recapping Chapter 14 Main Points  The Nature of Psychological Disorders  Classifying Psychological Disorders  Psychology in Your Life: Is “Insanity” Really a Defense?  Major Types of Psychological Disorders  Psychology in the 21 st Century: Pinpointing Interactions of Nature and Nurture  Schizophrenic Disorders  The Stigma of Mental Illness  The Nature of Psychological Disorders  Classifying Psychological Disorders  Psychology in Your Life: Is “Insanity” Really a Defense?  Major Types of Psychological Disorders  Psychology in the 21 st Century: Pinpointing Interactions of Nature and Nurture  Schizophrenic Disorders  The Stigma of Mental Illness

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon End of Chapter 14 Psychological Disorders

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon