Sociology Now 1 st Edition (Brief) Kimmel/Aronson *This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performances or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Deviance and Crime 6 c h a p t e r
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 What is Deviance? –breaking a social rule –refusing to follow one example: nudists –deviance by association –Why do people break rules? –Why don’t most of us do it all the time? –What makes a deviant or criminal? –What can be done about it? Crime: deviance “bad enough” to warrant formal sanctions
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Conformity and Social Control –Folkways –Mores –Taboos Stigma –attribute “taints or discounts” a person/group –will “spoil” your identity –Strategies to neutralize stigma (Goffman) Minstrelization Normification Militant chauvinism
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Conformity and Social Control Deviant subcultures –evolve within a dominant culture –loose association or organized example: youth gangs –identity/ condition/activity must be punished (but not too much) have participants (but not too many) be complex (but not too complex) –Youth Gangs as Deviant Subcultures –Youth Gangs Today
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Deviance and Social Coherence deviance is useful to society (Durkheim) It affirms cultural norms and values It clarifies moral boundaries It heightens group solidarity It encourages social change
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Deviance and Social Coherence Explaining Deviance –Differential Association (Sutherland) associate with people who are deviants rewarded for deviant behavior –Control Theory (Hirschi) decisions through “cost-benefit analysis” determine punishment/reward/risks –Social Controls (Reckless) outer controls inner controls Attachment Commitment Involvement Belief
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Deviance and Social Coherence –Labeling Theory Powerful determine what is deviant –primary deviance –secondary deviance –tertiary deviance
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Deviance and Social Coherence Deviance and Inequality –those who have power: rules are “natural” and “good” internalized by individuals masks political agenda –justification of inequalities - labeling actors and acts as deviant gender sexual orientation race/ethnicity social class
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Deviance and Crime –“bad in and of themselves” –“bad because they are prohibited” Crime: any act that violates a formal normative code
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Deviance and Crime Strain Theory (Merton) –Conformists –Innovators –Ritualists –Rebels –Retreatists Broken Windows Theory –minor acts of deviance can spiral into severe crime and social decay (Zimbardo)
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Deviance and Crime Criminal Subcultures –youth gang member values (Cohen) Nonutilitarianism Maliciousness Negativism Short-run hedonism Group autonomy –lower-class subcultural norms (Miller) Trouble Toughness Smartness Excitement Fate Autonomy
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Deviance and Crime Opportunity Theory (Cloward and Ohlin) –crime arises from opportunity –emphasis on learning deviant subcultures –criminal subcultures –violence subcultures –retreatist subcultures Conflict Theory –larger structural analysis of inequalities based on race, class or gender (Quinney)
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Types of Crime –violent crime and property crime Crime at Work –white collar, consumer, occupational, organizational Cybercrime Hate Crime –motivated by offender bias race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or disability
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Types of Crime
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Types of Crime
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Crime in the United States –sociological explanations cultural emphasis: individual success large income differential – income gap guns
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Crime in the United States
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Crime in the United States Crime and Guns Crime and Gender Crime and Race –Strain theory –Differential opportunity –Labeling –Conflict Crime and Age Crime and Class
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Crime in the United States
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Crime in the United States
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 The Criminal Justice System Police Courts Punishment and Corrections –Prisons Retribution Deterrence Protection Rehabilitation –The Death Penalty
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 The Criminal Justice System
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 The Criminal Justice System
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Globalization and Crime –historical and contemporary –“not just the Internet” –Operations in every arena You are most likely to be the victim of a crime locally Deviance and Crime in the 21 st Century
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Globalization and Crime