A.P. WORLD HISTORY THEMES

S.C.R.I.P.T.E.D. SOCIAL STRUCTURES Economic, Social Classes Gender Roles, Relations Inequalities Family, Kinship Racial, Ethnic Constructs POLITICS Nations, nationalism Empires Forms of Government Revolts, Revolutions State-building, expansion CULTURE Cultural Intellectual Arts, Architecture Lifestyles Literatures TECHNOLOGY Industry Science, Invention, Innovation Power Transportation Communication RELIGION Religion World Views Philosophy Secularism, Atheism Ideologies and “isms” ECONOMICS Industrialization Economic Systems Capitalism, Socialism Business Organizations Labor, Labor Organizations INTERACTIONS War, Conflict Trade, Commerce Exchanges, Migrations Diplomacy, Alliances Transnational Organizations DEMOGRAPHY Demography, Disease Human, Environment Interaction Patterns of Settlement Geography, Region Agriculture, Pastoralism

Why Themes? Big world—a lot of history. Themes help us make sense of it all. Provides an organizing framework. i.e., Ms. Merino studied Intellectual History. “Themes”are big ideas helps organize knowledge helps to see continuity/change helps to compare & contrast

SOCIAL: Gender, Labor, Social hierarchy HIERARCHIES INEQUALITIES, ELITES

Social History Social history studies the way that people are grouped together, what their roles in society are, and how these groups relate to each other. For example: Compare and contrast ender roles in Etruscan Italy vs. Imperial Rome. What are the similarities? Differences? Etruscan (Italy) 600 BCE Imperial Rome (Italy) 60 CE

Social History Another example: Discuss the continuities and changes in the Chinese family (size, roles, relationships) between the early 20th century and today. What has changed? What has stayed the same? Why?

Social History Your turn! Race and ethnicity: What questions might an historian ask? So in your own words, what is social history? Mexican Family – 1763 Spanish husband, Native American wife

CULTURAL Arts, architecture, and the intellect

Cultural History Cultural History includes the study of the arts, architecture, literature, drama, poetry, fashion, music, cultural trends and movements, etc. Example: Analyze the changes and continuities in the European painting tradition from the Early Middle Age through the Late Renaissance. What has stayed the same? What has changed? Why? Unknown artist, c. 800 CE Titian, Salome, 16th Century

Cultural History Your turn: Architecture: The Hagia Sofia, Istanbul, Turkey. What questions might an historian ask? In your own words, what is cultural history? Built by Byzantine (Christian) empire: 537 C.E. Conquered by Ottoman (Islamic) empire: 1453 C.E.

RELIGIOUS AND PHILOSOPHICAL How does each society view, explain the world?

Religious & Intellectual (Philosophical): Religious and spiritual traditions, philosophical movements and ideas. Religious history studies religious movements, traditions, and beliefs, and how they have developed, changed, and interacted over time. Intellectual history is the history of ideas, be they philosophical, scientific, etc. What are the unique & similar beliefs, ideas, & ways of living between peoples?

Religious/ Intellectual History Example: Analyze the similarities and differences between the Hellenistic religion of ancient Greece, and European Christianity. Similarities? Differences? Christianity The ancient Greek pantheon.

Religious/ Intellectual History Another example: Discuss the continuities and changes in the way that Europeans understood the universe (and their place in it) from Ptolemy to Copernicus. How has it changed? How is it the same? Ptolomaic, 160 BCE Copernican 1543 CE

Religious/ Intellectual History Your turn: Statue of the Buddha in China. What questions might an historian ask? Buddhism developed in India in the 5th century BCE. This carving is located in China (the “Leshan Giant Buddha”), and was carved in the 7th century BCE. In your own words, what is religious/intellectual history?

INTERACTIONS War, Diplomacy, Exchanges

Interactions When we study the interactions between peoples, we look at things like wars, trade and commerce, diplomacy, migrations… really anything that puts people in contact with each other. In this class, a big focus is on looking at how cultures have interacted with each other across time, and the resultant conflicts, diffusions, and changes. Although not a specific, separate theme, it is important to include “interactions” in our study and understanding of history (many of the questions posed above have focused on these “interactions.).

POLITICS: FUNCTIONS & STRUCTURES OF STATES; REVOLUTIONS

Political History Political history looks at the various political structures, hierarchies, and ideologies that have existed across time. How does a people define power? Where does political power come from? What political structure best supports those ideas? Who wields power and how? What political ideas unite and/or divide people? What are the causes and effects of competition for power?

Political History Example: Compare and contrast the nature of power in ancient Egypt and modern-day United States. Similarities? Differences? American President Egyptian Pharaoh

Political History Another example: Analyze the continuities and changes in the size and structure of the Mongol Empire between 1206 and 1279. What stayed the same? What changed? Why?

Political History Your turn: Revolt and Revolution. What questions might an historian ask? In your own words, what is political history? Liberty Leading the People Eugene Delacroix, 1830

TECHNOLOGY

History of Technology When we look at the history of technology, we look not only at technological inventions and improvements, but we study and analyze the impact that they have on their respective societies and cultures. Remember, technology includes everything from the simple wheel and the earliest flint tools, to your iphones, particle accelerators, and the International Space Station.

History of Technology Example: Analyze the continuities and changes in agricultural production of sugar between the 19th century and today. What’s stayed the same? What has changed? Sugar harvest, 1800’s Sugar harvest, today.

History of Technology Your turn: the Industrial Revolution. What questions might an historian ask? In your own words, what is the history of technology? Photograph of women working in a textile mill in England, early 1800s.

ECONOMICS Trade, Commerce, and Economic Systems

Economic History Economic history includes the study of wealth, how it is produced and exchanged, and the systems that are put in place to control and support it. Economic history includes trade and commerce, which are an incredibly significant component to this class, as it is the primary reason that people have come into contact with each other.

Economic History Your turn: Trade. What questions might an historian ask? In your own words, what is economic history? The Silk Roads, major trade route extending over 4,000 miles. Began during the Han dynasty in the 1st century BCE, ultimately disintegrating By 1453.

DEMOGRAPHY, DISEASE & ENVIRONMENT URBANIZATION, MIGRATION, ECOCIDE

Demographic History Within this theme, we look closely at demography, disease, and the interaction of humans and their environment. Demographics is the study of population, in terms of size, make up, and movement. This includes the study of migrations, including the push and pull factors that influence who moves where and why.

Demographic History Your turn: Population. What questions might an historian ask? In your own words, define demographic history.

A.P. WORLD HISTORY: PERIODIZATION

WHAT IS PERIODIZATION? Each period is defined by specific conditions A geographical delineation that answers where When civilization contracts, shrinks geographically When civilization spreads from smaller to wider area Contacts and Interactions Increase, decrease in contacts across regions Parallel Developments Whether indigenous or diffused, Shared characteristics Dates Time is not best way to define a period Characteristics and chronology Period may occur At different time In different regions

PRE-HISTORY Foundations, I Two Sub-Periods of the Stone Age Paleolithic Nomadic, hunting and gathering Small bands led by those with specialized hunting knowledge Neolithic Sedentary, farming and herding Semi-Nomadic: Slash/Burn (Shifting) and Pastoralism Villages with tribal structures, families; chiefs Geographic Component It occurred at different times in different places Chronological Component Paleolithic from 1 million to 8000 BCE Neolithic from 6000 BCE to 4500 BCE Technology Stone, bone and wood gave way to handicrafts, artifacts

Foundations, II Geography: River Valleys From 4,500 BCE to 600 BCE Begins with agricultural surpluses Leads to towns, cities, changes to hierarchy Generally small city-states, hereditary rulers Elite classes especially warriors, priests Rise of Institutions Long lasting social patterns Religion and Government Time of Technological Innovation Two Alternate Names Hearth Civilizations, Ancient River Valley Civilizations Bronze Age Civilizations Ends with rise of large, regional empires

Classical Period 600 BCE – 600 CE Integrate regions Iron Age Large, regional empires Military aristocracies Integrate regions Cosmopolitan Traditions Religions, Philosophies Regional Civilizations China, India, SW Asia (Cuneiform), Mediterranean Mesoamerica and Andean America Strong contacts between regional centers Many areas outside classical civilizations Ends with massive nomadic invasions

Post-Classical Period 6th century CE to 1450 CE Began with rise of Islam First trans-regional civilization Spans Eurasia and Africa Era of two great powers: Islam, China Ended due to Turks, Mongols, Black Death Characteristics Spread of universalizing religions, philosophies Buddhism, Islam, Christianity Saw rise of new civilization centers Andes, Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, SE Asia, Japan Emergence of network of global contacts Ages of Faith, Aristocracy, Age of Increasing Inequalities especially Gender

Early Modern Era 1450 – 1750 CE World Shrinks Great exchanges Rise of gunpowder empires An Age of Absolutism Rise of Western Europe Religious Strife World Shrinks All continents included in world network Global trade develops for first time Great exchanges Goods, products, flora, fauna, people, germs Ideas especially European, Christianity Demographic Shifts in Americas, Eurasia

Modern Era 1750 to 1914: “The West and the Rest” Era of massive technological change Era of many revolutions Technological Political Social Intellectual, Artistic Vast trade networks Western Global Hegemony Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia USA, Japan are newest powers Dominance of Western Culture Resistance Modernization, Industrialization, Westernization? Demographic shift; urbanization

Contemporary Era 1914 to Present “Change, Change, Change” 1914 – 1945: Europe’s Twilight 1945 – Present: Atomic Age The American Century, Retreat of Europe Rise of Pacific Rim, India Collapse of European empires Jihad vs. McWorld Modernization vs. westernization Modernization vs. traditionalism Secularism vs. change Rise of new political forms Non-State Governmental Organizations Supranationalism; Internationalism Mass culture Technology, telecommunications dominate age Demography and Environment as Major Concerns

WHAP Periodization Period 1, Foundations Technological and Environmental Transformations To c. 600 BCE Key Concepts: Big Geography & Peopling of the Earth The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies

WHAP Periodization Period 2 Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies c. 600 BCE – c. 600 CE Key Concepts: Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions Development of States and Empires Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication and Exchange

WHAP Periodization Period 3 Regional and Transregional Interactions Key Concepts: Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and their Interactions Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange

WHAP Periodization Period 4 Global Interactions C. 1450 – 1750 Key Concepts: Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion

WHAP Periodization Period 5 Industrialization and Global Integration c. 1750 – 1900 Key Concepts: Industrialization and Global Capitalism Imperialism and Nation State Formation Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform Global Migration

WHAP Periodization Period 6 Accelerating Global Change and Realignments c. 1900 to the Present Key Concepts: Science and the Environment Global Conflicts and their Consequences New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society, and Culture