Chapter 1 For hundreds of thousands of years before written history, humans made advances n the use of tools, created art, and developed agriculture, which led to a shift from nomadic hunting and gathering patterns of living to more sedentary ways of life.

Before Western Civilization Out of Africa: The Paleolithic Period, 600,000-10,000 B.C. –Trade Networks –Cave Art –Stone Monuments The Neolithic Period: The First Stirrings of Agriculture, 10, B.C. –Domestic Animals –Middle East Plants and Animals –Population Growth –Slavery –New Warfare

Chapter 1 In the Tigris-Euphrates Valley, people developed a complex society that made advances in religious ideas, political organization, and the use of writing. –Bronze Age

Struggling with the Forces of Nature: Mesopotamia The Origins of Western Civilization –Administration –Economic Functions Life in a Sumerian City –Trade –Families –Woman’s Work Gods and Goddesses of the River Valley –Sumerian Pessimism –Sargon –Individual Longings

Struggling with the Forces of Nature: Mesopotamia The Development of Writing –Cuneiform –Written Records Laws and Justice –Code of Hammurabi –Women and Children Indo-Europeans: New Contributions in the Story of the West –Indo-European Languages –Mounted Warriors –Contributions –Hittites

Chapter 1 In the Nile Valley, a less unpredictable environment than that of the Tigris- Euphrates Valley led to the establishment of a more stable and optimistic culture than in Mesopotamia. –Nile Valley

Rule of the God-King: Ancient Egypt, ca B.C. Prosperity and Order: The Old Kingdom, ca B.C. –Preserving Order –Trade –Family Life Hieroglyphs: Sacred Writing Pyramids and the Afterlife –Scribes –Afterlife –Burial Rituals

Rule of the God-King: Ancient Egypt, ca B.C. Changing Political Fortunes, ca B.C. –Famine –Middle Kingdom –Egypt Conquered Political Expansion: The New Kingdom, B.C. –Egyptian Empire –Hatshepsut –Empire Building Religious Experiment of Akhenaten, ca –Akhenaten’s Religion The Twilight of the Egyptian Empire, 1360-ca B.C.

Chapter 1 The other peoples made significant contributions to Western civilization: the Phoenicians developed an alphabet; the Hebrews turned away from the polytheism of other ancient cultures to embrace monotheism.

Merchants and Monotheists The Phoenicians: Traders on the Sea –Trading Colonies –Phoenician Alphabet The People of the One God: Early Hebrew History, B.C. –Patriarchs –Hebrew Scriptures –Establishing a Kingdom –Dividing a Kingdom

Merchants and Monotheists A Jealous God, B.C. –The Covenant –Hebrew Laws –Prophets –“God’s Punishments” Judaism in Exile –“Second Temple” Period –Hebrew Contributions

Chapter 1 With the spread of iron-forging technology also came changes in warfare and the successive emergence of three great empires, the Assyrians, the Babylonians, and the Persians.

Terror and Benevolence: The Growth of Empires, B.C. The Age of Iron –Iron Age Rule by Terror: The Assyrians, B.C. –Governing an Empire –Preserving Learning –Fall of Assyrians Babylonian Rule, B.C. –Culture and Commerce –Astronomy and Mathematics Rule by Tolerance: The Persian Empire, ca B.C. –Persians Administration –Coins –Zoroastrianism

Chapter 2 The early Greeks built a civilization in the Aegean peninsula in which the tensions between individual pride and heroism would become a dominant theme, as would an emphasis on the role of humans and their abilities to understand and master their world.

The Rise and Fall of Ancient Heroes, B.C. The Greek Peninsula The Minoans, B.C. –Economic Power –Religious Ritual –Minoan Destruction Mycenaean Civilization: The First Greeks, B.C. –Trade –Violence and Disruption From “Dark Ages” to Colonies –Founding Colonies

Chapter 2 The Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet, which allowed them to record and transmit their powerful values and ideas to others.

Emerging from the Dark: Heroic Beliefs and Values Heroic Values Preserved –Homer –Hesiod The Family of Gods –Oracles –Worship of Dionysus –Impact of Religious Ideas Studying the Material World –Thales and Democrates –Pythagoras –Practical Applications –Fears of “Impiety”

Chapter 2 In the great city-states Greeks developed an economy based on olives and experimented with different political forms which varied in the degree of democratic participation allowed to citizens. –Hoplite Armies

Life in the Greek Polis: B.C. The Invention of Politics –Tyrants –City-States The Heart of the Polis –Men’s and Woman’s Roles –Slave Labor Fears and Attachments in Greek Emotional Life –Bisexual Relations –Sappho of Lesbos –Courtesans

Life in the Greek Polis: B.C. Athens: City of Democracy –Oligarchy –Solon’s Reforms –Increased Democracy –Tyranny –Assessing Democracy –Ostracism Sparta: Model of a Military State –Spartan Life The love of the Contest –Olympic Games –Women at Olympics

Chapter 2 After their victory against the Persians, the Athenians built an empire, creating tensions between themselves and the citizens of other city-states.

Imperial Athens, B.C. The Persian Wars, B.C. –Battle of Marathon –A Second Invasion –Thermopylae –Greek Naval Victory Herodotus: The Father of History

Imperial Athens, B.C. Athens Builds an Empire, B.C. –Delian League –Pericles’ Democracy Artistic Athens Greek Theater: Exploring Complex Moral Problems –Aeschlus and Sophocles

Chapter 2 The end of Athenian prosperity, which came with the wars between Athens and Sparta and their respective allies, raised new questions among Greek philosophers, which were accompanied by innovations in culture and science. –Thucydides

Destruction, Disillusion, and a Search for Meaning The Peloponnesian War, B.C. –Melos Destroyed –Athens Loses Philosophical Musings: Athens Contemplates Defeat –Socrates –Plato –Aristotle Tragedy and Comedy: Innovations in Greek Theater –Euripides –Aristophanes

Destruction, Disillusion, and a Search for Meaning Hippocrates and Medicine The Aftermath of War, B.C. –Power Struggles Critical Thinking Questions

Chapter 3 The Macedonian kings Philip II and his son Alexander used military genius to unite their own region and then conquer much of the Mediterranean world.

The Conquest of the Poleis Tribal Macedonia –Geography –Uniting the Tribes Philip II: Military Genius –Military Innovations –Greek Responses –Greece Conquered Death of the King –Philip Murdered –Philip’s Tomb

The Conquest of the Poleis Alexander’s Conquests –Military Exploits –The Greek Hero –India A Young Ruler’s Legacy –Intercultural Marriages –Resentments –Alexander’s Memory

Chapter 3 After Alexander’s death, his unified empire broke up into smaller kingdoms whose rulers contributed to the spread of Hellenistic culture.

The Successor Kingdoms, 323-ca. 100 B.C. Egypt Under the Ptolemies –Continuity of Life –Hellenistic Queens –Alexandria –Rosetta Stone The Seleucids Rule Asia –Commercial Cities –Seleucid Colonists Antigonids in Greece –Life in Macedonia –Changes in Greece

Chapter 3 The pace of economic activity quickened under Hellenistic rule as Greek became the universal language of business and trade facilitated the spread of Hellenistic culture.

East Meets West in the Successor Kingdoms Money in the New Cosmopolitan Economies –Coinage and Trade –Command Economies Armies of the Hellenistic World –Mercenary Armies –War Elephants –Slavery A True Cultural Blending? –Travelers –Diverse Art

East Meets West in the Successor Kingdoms Struggles and Successes: Life in the Cosmopolitan Cities –Women –Cities and Kings –Urban Problems –New Opportunities Patronage, Planning, and Passion: Hellenistic Art –Royal Patrons –Sculpture Resistance to Hellenism: Judaism, B.C. –Hellenized Jews –Maccabaen Revolt –Independent Judea

Chapter 3 Hellenistic rulers actively supported Greek learning and arts, thereby stimulating both the spread and the brilliance of Hellenistic cultural achievements.

The Search for Truth: Hellenistic Thought, Religion, and Science A Life of Learning Theater and Literature –New Comedies –Hellenistic Novels Cynics, Epicurieans, and Stoics: Cosmopolitan Philosophy –Cynics –Epicurus –Stoics

The Search for Truth: Hellenistic Thought, Religion, and Science New Religions of Hope –“Mystery Religion” Hellenistic Science –Medical Advances –Mathematics and Astronomy –Archimedes