Egypt World History & Geography to 1500 AD PowerPoint Slides Mr. Mable Tucker High School 2012

SOL Standards Chapter 1 STANDARD WHI.2a The student will demonstrate knowledge of ancient river valley civilizations, including those of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus River Valley, and China and the civilizations of the Hebrews, Phoenicians, and Nubians, by b)describing the development of social, political, and economic patterns, including slavery. Development of social patterns Hereditary rulers: Dynasties of kings, pharaohs Rigid class system where slavery was accepted Development of political patterns World’s first states (i.e., city-states, kingdoms, empires) Centralized government, often based on religious authority Written law codes (e.g., Ten Commandments, Code of Hammurabi) Development of economic patterns Use of metal (e.g., bronze, iron) tools and weapons Increasing agricultural surplus: Better tools, plows, irrigation Development of the world’s first cities Development of the practice of slavery within most cultures in the ancient world, taking various forms

Old Kingdom BC Middle Kingdom BC New Kingdom BC AchievementsBuilt enormous tombs & pyramids. Land drained for farming. Sea Trade & Became an empire. Conquered much of Near East DeclinePower struggles, crop failures, & cost of pyramids. Hyksos invaded & conquered. Nubians, Persian, Greeks, & Romans invaded. Three Major Time periods of Ancient Egypt

Egyptian History is divided into three main periods The Old Kingdom The Middle Kingdom The New Kingdom

Menes is Narmer He changed his name after he unified Egypt!

Upper Egypt Lower Egypt The History of Egypt begins with Menes Menes Unites upper Egypt and Lower Egypt, joining the two into a united kingdom In doing this, Menes establishes the first Egyptian Dynasty

Union of Two Crowns Red Crown –Upper Egypt White Crown –Lower Egypt Menes –Overthrew the king of Lower Egypt –Wore a Double Crown Unification –Joining of separate parts into one whole

Crown of Lower Egypt Red Crown Upper Egypt Symbol: Vulture

Crown of Upper Egypt White Crown Lower Egypt Symbol: Cobra

Double Crown King Tut’s Death Mask Notice Double Crown Vulture and Cobra

The Pharaoh God-King Pharaoh Means “BIG HOUSE” owns all the land and people and what people posses Pharaoh's will is the law irrigation no city walls

The Pharaoh God-King (Therefore a Theocracy) Religious direct descendant of the Sun god HE IS THE LIVING GOD! controls access to the afterlife July-Sept, during floods life is controlled by the Pharaoh –365 day calendar.

Role played by size in Egyptian Artwork

IV. Social Order. Priests Nobles/Warriors Scribes Merchants Peasants/Slaves Pharaohs

The Old Kingdom B.C. The Old Kingdom was a period of great prosperity. Time of Great Pyramid Building Kings became Pharaohs. The Pharaoh was seen as divine, or godlike. The Pharaoh wielded absolute power, but used advisors to help them. The Chief advisor to the Pharaoh was the Vizier. Social order and customs were established in the OLD KINGDOM

First Intermediate Period civil wars Famine Drought Loss of trade Pharaohs became weak Open to foreign Invasions After the fall of the Old Kingdom there was a period of chaos for about 150 years

A new dynasty brought stability. The Pharaoh was still on top… But the Nobles were more powerful and ruled things The dynasties of the middle kingdom were weak and disorganized. No strong CENTRAL power; Power was Diffused!!!

Middle Kingdom BCE End of civil wars, & farming and trade return move capital south to Upper Egypt (Thebes) public improvements –drain swamps, canal to Red Sea belief in afterlife expands to include common people tombs instead of pyramids –better protection for mummies.

Second Intermediate Period The Middle Kingdom ended with the invasion of a people called the Hyksos The Hyksos had Chariots and bronze weapons to the Egyptians. The Egyptians were easily defeated. Eventually the Egyptians overthrew the Hyksos and established the New Kingdom

Hyksos Hyksos is Egyptian for FOREIGN RULERS Chariots &Bronze weapons

VI. New Kingdom BCE Ahmose I expelled the invading Hyksos and reunited Egypt Known as the Empire period development of “public” and “private” zones at temples

Ahmose I leading Egyptians against the Hyksos

New Kingdom BCE Egyptian Threw out Foreign Invaders The Pharaohs of the New Kingdom took a more aggressive ruling style Egypt became the most powerful state in Southwest Asia. Egypt became an Empire! Ruled Territory outside its own. Golden Age of Egypt

VI. New Kingdom BCE Characterized by a more militaristic and imperialistic nature –incorporated chariot, bronze working, horses –development of a professional army became a slave based economy fueled by war and expansion

She was the first woman to be Pharaoh She took power for herself She had to pose as a man to cement her authority. She built many monuments and temples.

VI. Threats to Tradition Amenhotep IV (c B.C.) introduced the worship of Aton, god of the sun disk, as the chief god and pursued his worship with enthusiasm. Changed name to Akhenaten (“It is well with Aton”) He closed the temples of other gods and especially endeavored to lessen the power of Amon-Re and his priesthood at Thebes

Aten Unifying deity, lord of all Akhenaten (heretic king) tried to unify religions and kingdoms No physical form – just sun rays

VI. Threats to Tradition BCE Nefertiti –Wife of Akhenaton the only pharaoh to even partially reject polytheism –political move against priests of Amon-Re –moved capital to Amarna –worshipped Aton, the sun disk royal inbreeding

Akhenaton Amomhotep IV became Akhneaton Aton was the sun god Ankh was the symbol for LIFE Therefore, he was the LIVING Sun God!!!

Influences???? Remember that the Hebrews were enslaved in Egypt at this time!

Influences???? Amen or Amun was the overall god of the Egyptians. Christians say AMEN after their prayers

Brief Period of Monotheism The Belief in ONE god Mono = one Theism or theistic = religion The sun disc Aten shining on the names of the royal family

Tutankhamen BCE Tut = The King Ahnk = Living Amun = god

King Tut:Tutankhamen Became Pharaoh after the death of Akhenaton. Restored the old religious practices Has the only tomb to be found intact

VI. Tutankhamen BCE (King Tut) child ruler ruled nine years, died at 18 young death meant burial in the tomb of a lesser person (noble) resulting in preservation

He fathered over 100 children Some think he’s the Pharaoh of Hebrew Exodus Think he is the face of the Sphinx Ramses II

Abu Simbel: Temple of Ramses the Great

VI. Ramses II ( ) greatest New Kingdom ruler military leader of Egypt expanded into southern Turkey built many monuments to himself last gasp of Egyptian power.

VI. Ramses II ( )

Ramses the Great today

Abu Simble: Ramses II ( )

Invasion of the “Sea Peoples”

Decline Egypt fell into a period of decline and foreign invasion. Conquered by the Greeks, Persians, & Romans. The last Pharaoh was Cleopatra VII committed suicide rather than surrender to the Romans.

Powerful pharaohs created a large empire that reached the Euphrates River. Hatshepsut encouraged trade. Ramses II expanded Egyptian rule to Syria. Egyptian power declined. Large drainage project created arable farmland. Traders had contacts with Middle East and Crete. Corruption and rebellions were common. Hyksos invaded and occupied the delta region. Pharaohs organized a strong central state, were absolute rulers, and were considered gods. Egyptians built pyramids at Giza. Power struggles, crop failures, and cost of pyramids contributed to the collapse of the Old Kingdom. NEW KINGDOM MIDDLE KINGDOM OLD KINGDOM Three Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt 1