While the people of Mesopotamia fought wars, people along Africa’s Nile River formed rich and powerful civilizations. The people of Egypt and Kush built large monuments that still stand today.

The fertile land along the great Nile River supported the Egyptian civilization.

During the Old Kingdom, Egyptians built cities, great pyramids, and a strong kingdom.

Many changes occurred during Egypt’s Middle and New Kingdoms. It expanded into a great empire as art, literature, and architecture blossomed.

South of Egypt a new civilization arose called Kush. Kushites adopted Egyptian ways and eventually conquered Egypt itself.