Laptop Time!  Click on your hard drive  Click on documents  Create new folder “Biology”  Color label it  Open biology folder and create these folders:  Notes  Handouts  Vocab  Homework  Labs  Click on your hard drive  Click on documents  Create new folder “Biology”  Color label it  Open biology folder and create these folders:  Notes  Handouts  Vocab  Homework  Labs

 Go to my website:  n n  Download chemistry notes  Save in “biology” --->“notes”  Go to my website:  n n  Download chemistry notes  Save in “biology” --->“notes”

Do Now 1.Take out Organic Chemistry Vocab 2.What is a saccharride? 1.Take out Organic Chemistry Vocab 2.What is a saccharride?

Organic Chemistry  Study of elements and compounds and their reactions with each other

 Atom  Basic building block of matter  3 parts  Nucleus  Center of an atom  Composed of two particles  Atom  Basic building block of matter  3 parts  Nucleus  Center of an atom  Composed of two particles

1.Protons  Positive particles in nucleus  Atomic # 2.Neutrons  Particles in nucleus  No charge 3.Electrons  Negatively charged  Circle around nucleus 1.Protons  Positive particles in nucleus  Atomic # 2.Neutrons  Particles in nucleus  No charge 3.Electrons  Negatively charged  Circle around nucleus

 Electron Orbitals  1st orbital  2 electrons  2nd orbital  8 electrons  3rd orbital  8 electrons  Element  A substance made up of only 1 kind of atom  Electron Orbitals  1st orbital  2 electrons  2nd orbital  8 electrons  3rd orbital  8 electrons  Element  A substance made up of only 1 kind of atom

 Atomic Number  # of protons in an atom  Atomic Number  # of protons in an atom C   Mass Number   # of protons and neutrons in an atom   Mass Number   # of protons and neutrons in an atom   Isotope   An atom with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons   Isotope   An atom with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

Isotopes  Example: Carbon-12, Carbon- 13, and Carbon- 14  C-14 unstable = breaks down = radioactive  Used in medicine & research:  Cells use isotopes like any other atom  Radioactivity acts as marker for pathways atoms take in body  Example: Carbon-12, Carbon- 13, and Carbon- 14  C-14 unstable = breaks down = radioactive  Used in medicine & research:  Cells use isotopes like any other atom  Radioactivity acts as marker for pathways atoms take in body

Radioactive Decay  Rate of decay of an isotope  Also called its half-life  Carbon-14 has a half-life of  5,600 years  Rate of decay of an isotope  Also called its half-life  Carbon-14 has a half-life of  5,600 years

Isotopes

1.What is the atomic number for Carbon? 2.How many protons does Calcium (Ca) have? 3.How many electrons does Ca have? 4.How many electrons fit into the 1st orbital 5.What is an isotope? 1.What is the atomic number for Carbon? 2.How many protons does Calcium (Ca) have? 3.How many electrons does Ca have? 4.How many electrons fit into the 1st orbital 5.What is an isotope? Do Now (use your notes)

Ions  An atom that carries an unequal number of protons to electrons  Cation  A net positive charge  Anion  A net negative charge  An atom that carries an unequal number of protons to electrons  Cation  A net positive charge  Anion  A net negative charge

Practice Question 1.How many neutrons does this element have? 2.How many protons? 3.How many electrons? 1.How many neutrons does this element have? 2.How many protons? 3.How many electrons? F

Bonds  Elements will fill orbitals to become stable  Carbon needs 4 bonds to be stable  Hydrogen needs 1 bond  Oxygen needs 2 bonds  Elements will fill orbitals to become stable  Carbon needs 4 bonds to be stable  Hydrogen needs 1 bond  Oxygen needs 2 bonds

Molecules  Two or more like atoms bonded together  Examples: N 2, O 2  Two or more like atoms bonded together  Examples: N 2, O 2

Compounds  Two or more different atoms bonded together  Example: Octane, C 8 H 18  Two or more different atoms bonded together  Example: Octane, C 8 H 18

How are these spiders able to walk on water?

Hydrogen Bonds  Weak bonds between water molecules that can be easily broken.

Hydrogen Bonds in Water  ology/Biology1111/animations/hydroge nbonds.html ology/Biology1111/animations/hydroge nbonds.html  ology/Biology1111/animations/hydroge nbonds.html ology/Biology1111/animations/hydroge nbonds.html

Surface Tension

Penny lab 1.Make your hypothesis on which will get more drops; regular or soapy water. 2.How many drops can you get with water? 3.How many drops can you get with soapy water? 4.Answer all analysis questions 1.Make your hypothesis on which will get more drops; regular or soapy water. 2.How many drops can you get with water? 3.How many drops can you get with soapy water? 4.Answer all analysis questions

Do Now 1.What is the difference between a cation and anion? Make these stable compounds. 2.CO 2 3.COH 4 1.What is the difference between a cation and anion? Make these stable compounds. 2.CO 2 3.COH 4

Characteristics of Water  Cohesion  Attraction between molecules of the same substance  Adhesion  Attraction between 2 molecules of different substances  This is also known as capillary action  Cohesion  Attraction between molecules of the same substance  Adhesion  Attraction between 2 molecules of different substances  This is also known as capillary action

Dissolving Properties  Water is slightly charged = POLAR  This allows it to dissolve other substances  Universal Solvent  Water is slightly charged = POLAR  This allows it to dissolve other substances  Universal Solvent

Other Characteristics of Water  Less Dense as a solid than a liquid  High specific heat  High heat of vaporization  Less Dense as a solid than a liquid  High specific heat  High heat of vaporization

Do Now 1.A cell is shown under high power below. What is the length of the cell? um um um um 1.A cell is shown under high power below. What is the length of the cell? um um um um 2mm Cell

Acid  A compound that will give off hydrogen ions(H + ) when put in water  Has a H in its chemical formula  Ex: HCl H 2 SO 4  A compound that will give off hydrogen ions(H + ) when put in water  Has a H in its chemical formula  Ex: HCl H 2 SO 4

Base  A compound that will give off hydroxide ions (OH - ) when put in water  Has OH in the chemical formula  Ex: NaOH  A compound that will give off hydroxide ions (OH - ) when put in water  Has OH in the chemical formula  Ex: NaOH

pH  A way to tell if a substance is an acid or a base  Range is 1-14  concentration of hydrogen ions = 1 x 10 -x moles/liter  A change from pH 5 to pH 6 =  A decrease 10x  Logarithmic measurement  A way to tell if a substance is an acid or a base  Range is 1-14  concentration of hydrogen ions = 1 x 10 -x moles/liter  A change from pH 5 to pH 6 =  A decrease 10x  Logarithmic measurement

Do Now  How much weaker is the acid if it goes from a pH of 2.5 to a pH of 3.5?  How much stronger is the base if it goes from a pH of 6 to a pH of 8?  How much weaker is the acid if it goes from a pH of 2.5 to a pH of 3.5?  How much stronger is the base if it goes from a pH of 6 to a pH of 8?

The pH Scale  Acids have a pH between and.  A strong acid would have a pH of.  A weak acid would have a pH of.  Bases have a pH between and.  A strong base would have a pH of.  A weak base would have a pH of.  Acids have a pH between and.  A strong acid would have a pH of.  A weak acid would have a pH of.  Bases have a pH between and.  A strong base would have a pH of.  A weak base would have a pH of

Indicators  Phenolphthalein  Changes to pink in presence of  Bromothymol Blue  Changes to yellow in the presence of  Universal Indicator  Changes to a different color for each pH  Phenolphthalein  Changes to pink in presence of  Bromothymol Blue  Changes to yellow in the presence of  Universal Indicator  Changes to a different color for each pH Bases Acids

Phenolphthalein

Bromothymol Blue

Universal Indicator

Buffers  y/essentialchemistry/flash/buffer12.swf y/essentialchemistry/flash/buffer12.swf  y/essentialchemistry/flash/buffer12.swf y/essentialchemistry/flash/buffer12.swf Buffers: substances that resist changes in pH by accepting and donating H+ ions Example: 1. 1.A buffer solution of carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) and bicarbonate (HCO 3 -) is present in the human blood stream to maintain a pH between 7.35 and 7.45human

Do Now  Copy this chart on the back of your pH lab Solution Do you think it will be an acid or a base? PhenBTBUIpH Tap Water Bleach Milk Fish Water Milk of Magnesia Ammonia

pH Indicator Tests  ces_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/ ces_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/  ces_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/ ces_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/

Grab a bingo sheet and fill in all the boxes any way you wish 1.Acid 2.Adhesion 3.Amino Acids 4.Base 5.Buffer 6.Carbohydrate 7.Catalyst 8.Cohesion 9.Denaturation 10.Dehydration Synthesis 11.Dependent Variable 12.Enzymes 1.Acid 2.Adhesion 3.Amino Acids 4.Base 5.Buffer 6.Carbohydrate 7.Catalyst 8.Cohesion 9.Denaturation 10.Dehydration Synthesis 11.Dependent Variable 12.Enzymes 13. Homeostasis 14. Hydrogen Bond 15. Hydrolysis 16. Independent Variable 17. Inorganic 18. Lipids 19. Metabolism 20. Organic 21. Polypeptide 22. Proteins 23. Saccharride 24. Substrate