THE PROTOZOA UNICELLULAR - EUCARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS FOUND IN THE KINGDOM PROTISTA NO COMMON BASIC STRUCTURE, SIZE OR SHAPE SIZE VARIES GREATLY - 2 TO 5,000 MICROMETERS DISTRIBUTION –FREE LIVING FORMS

I. Protozoan Characteristics (65,000, 12 are extinct) – Environment Found In Ocean –a. Zooplankton (primary energy source in aquatic eco.) –Vegetation –Rivers –Ponds –Soil –Bodies of other organisms Found: in cells, tissue and blood stream of Host Cause: malaria, amebic dysentery, giardiasis

Heterotrophic –Ingest small molecules or cells a. Food Vacuoles - break food down

Reproduction –Asexual, Binary Fission -2 identical individuals Multiple Fission - more than 2 indenticals indo –Sexual –a. Conjugation -, exchange genetic material

Reproduction

Classification - according to how they move or not –FivePhyla/Plus Euglenophyta Sarodina, move by psuedopods (false feet) Ciliophora - move by cilia (eyelash like) Zoomastigina - move by flagella (whiplike) Sporozoa - none motile Euglenophyta - flagella (both plant/animal

–PARASITIC FORMS (MANY ANIMALS CARRY PROTOZOANS AS NORMAL FLORA) –FACTORS AFFECTING DISTRIBUTION OF FREE LIVING FORMS NaCl CONCENTRATION pH TEMPERATURE OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS

NUTRITION –FREE LIVING FORMS - PHAGOCYTOSIS OF PARTICULATE MATTER –COMPLEX NUTRITIONAL NEEDS –ALL ARE CHEMOHETEROTROPHS –STORAGE PRODUCTS - GLYCOGEN, STARCH AND LIPIDS REPRODUCTION –ASEXUAL – BINARY FISSION, MULTIPLE FISSION OR BUDDING

–SEXUAL - SYNGAMY OR CONJUGATION CLASSIFICATION (ORGANELLES OF MOTOLITY) –KINGDOM: PROTISTA PHYLUM: PROTOZOA –GROUPINGS: AMOEBA, FLAGELLATES, CILIATES, SPOROZOA AMOEBA - PSEUDOPODIA - NO CELL WALL –AMOEBA PROTEUS - FREE LIVING AMOEBA

Diseases –ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA Causes: Amoebic Dysentery –diarrhea dehyd, bloody stool,  death –ACANTHAMOEBA Sp. Causes: 1. Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis 2. Keratitis

FLAGELLATES - FLAGELLA (MOST HUMAN PATHOGENS IN THIS GROUP) –MOST PRIMITIVE OF THE PROTOZOANS –CHARACTERISTICS OF FLAGELLA

EUGLENA Sp.

PATHOGENIC FLAGELLATES GIARDIA LAMBLIA TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS TRYPANOSOMA SP.

CILIATES

MOST ADVANCED OF THE PROTOZOA ORAL GROOVE CONTRACTILE VACUOLE NUCLEAR DIMORPHISM REPRODUCTION ASEXUALLY BY BINARY FISSION SEXUALLY BY CONJUGATION PATHOGENIC CILIATE – BALANTIDIUM COLI

Treatment for protozoan infections is usually an antibiotic called metranidazole also called flagyl.

SPOROZOA ALL OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITES ALL HAVE COMPLEX LIFE CYCLES PATHOGENIC SPOROZOAN-PLASMODIUM Sp. CAUSATIVE AGENT OF MALARIA FOUR SPECIES CAUSE MALARIA

1. P. MALARIAE 2. P. OVALE 3. P. VIVAX 4. P. FALCIPARUM LIFE CYCLE OCCURS IN TWO ORGANISMS –MOSQUITO (ANOPHELES Sp.) AND ANIMAL BODY –SEXUAL CYCLE IN MOSQUITO –ASEXUAL CYCLE IN HUMAN BODY

3 IMPORTANT STAGES IN LIFE CYCLE –SPOROZOITE –MEROZOITE –GAMETOCYTE LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM

SYMPTOMS OF MALARIA MOST DEADLY FORM IS P.FALCIPARUM HOW MALARIA KILLS

TREATMENT FOR MALARIA - QUININE AND ITS DERIVATIVES –CHLOROQUINE –PRIMAQUINE –MEFLOQUINE - LARIUM –SIDE EFFECTS OF LONG TERM USE OF QUININE »HALLUCINATIONS »CONVULSIONS »EMOTIONAL CHANGES

–VACCINE????

TOXOPLASMOSIS CAUSED BY TOXOPLASMA GONDII SEEN MOSTLY IN PEOPLE WITH COMPROMISED IMMUNE SYSTEMS CATS ARE AN ESSENTIAL PART OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF THIS PROTOZOAN THE ORGANISM REPLICATES IN THE INTESTINE OF THE CAT. IT PASSES OUT OF THE CAT IN ITS FECAL MATERIA PEOPLE INJEST THE ORGANISM