Section 2: The War Expands & Section 3: Life During the War

There were 3 major fronts in the war: West East Atlantic Coast Strategies Confederacy - defensive war of attrition Union – cut supply lines in the South. The Emancipation Proclamation changed the meaning of the Civil War for both the North and the South. Military life was difficult, doctors still unaware of how many illnesses spread, but nursing became an important contribution to the war.

North -George B. McClellan -Gen Irwin McDowell -Gen Ulysses S. Grant -Gen William Tecumseh Sherman -Admiral David G. Farragut -Elizabeth Blackwell -Clara Barton South Gen. Robert E Lee Gen. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Gen. J.E.B. Stuart Gen James Longstreet

Battles -Bull Run / Manassas -Shiloh -Seven Day’s Battle -Antietam / Sharpsburgh Events / Vocab Anaconda Plan Blockade Runners Hardtack Militia Act Emancipation Proclamation Andersonville 54 th Massachusetts

Lincoln pressured to attack Bull Run / Manassas Junction Railroad center of Virginia Thought it would end quickly People came to watch! Union - General Irwin McDowell Union winning at first Confederates retreating Virginians reinforce Confederates by rail “There stands Jackson, like a STONEWALL…” Gen Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Union retreats Lincoln calls for 500,000 volunteers Militia Act 1862 – allowed African Americans to fight in the war.

Blockade Confederate ports Exceptions: Charleston, SC and Wilmington, NC. Southern Blockade Runners still operating CSA uses British ports U.S. complains to Great Britain Feb 1862, Admiral Farragut (USA) captures New Orleans – moves up river Mar 1862 – battle of the ironclads (1973) Merrimack (Virginia) CSA vs Monitor USA

-Feb1862, US General Ulysses S. Grant -Control Cumberland & Tennessee rivers -Cut TN in two -River route into South -Shiloh / Pittsburg Landing – (church / tranquility) -6 Divisions vs 6 Divisions -Confederates counterattack -Gen William Tecumseh Sherman rallies -Union Victory -Cost (combined) -23,000 casualties in 48 hours….Americans shocked !!!

-General McDowell’s replaced by Gen McClellan because of failure at Bull Run. -Cautious / Slow / Egotistical -Focused on capturing Richmond -Seven Days Battle (30,000) -McClellan vs Robert E Lee -Union loses – D.C threatened -South invades the North !!

South just needs to defend Why would Lee invade North? Psychological - fear the Confederates! Get Lincoln to pull back Lee goes into Maryland - Sept 1862 Sharpsburg / Antietam - bloodiest one-day battle in the war. 22,700 dead/wounded !! Union (McClellan) wins Lee escapes – Lincoln furious !!!

-Lincoln needs Border States – (which ones are they?) -Lincoln needs a victory – Antietam will have to do…. -September, 1862, Lincoln announces he will issue Emancipation Proclamation -Enslaved persons freed January 1, Where ? – Border States -War now about slavery - OR 34:54 Story of Us CWhttp://

-Lincoln resisted blacks in military -Desperation move? -Now 200,000 joined US Army th Massachusetts -Lead by Robert Gould Shaw -Frederick Douglas’s sons -Sgt William Harvey Carney received the Medal of Honor – saved the American Flag.

South starts to really suffer Lost their transportation system and a lot of agriculture. This brings about food shortages, hurting Southern morale North starts to see positive economic results from war Economic boom? Why? Farmers able to work with fewer workers, thanks to industry. Women enter workforce to fill labor shortages. North produces an abundance of clothes for soldiers. Clothing industry profits.

Both Union and Confederate soldiers suffered during war. Union soldiers ate hardtack, a hard biscuit made of wheat flour. Civil War was first modern war Huge numbers of casualties Military doctors and surgeons did not understand infection and germs Infection spreads quickly Smallpox and Pneumonia were grave threats Doctors often amputated limbs to prevent spread of infection.

Women make another important contribution to war. Movement to train female nurses In 1861 Elizabeth Blackwell, becomes first female physician in U.S. She starts nation’s first training program for nurses. As a result of her work, the U.S. Sanitary Commission created. This provides medical assistance and supplies to army camps and hospitals. Clara Barton becomes Union’s most famous war nurse. STARTS THE RED CROSS!!!

Early in the war, Union and Confederacy agreed to formal prisoner exchanges. After Emancipation Proclamation, South refuses to return African American soldiers They said they’d either kill them or re-enslave them. In response, Lincoln stops all prisoner exchanges. Andersonville, a prison in SW Georgia has huge prisoner population. No shade or shelter Conditions in prison include exposure, overcrowding, lack of food and disease. Thousands of prisoners die in camp. Henry Wirz, camp commandant, was only person executed for war crimes during the Civil War.