Chapter 23 War & Revolution

Section 1 WWI: Causes & the Early Years

Causes of the War Imperialism & Nationalism o Triple Alliance (Central Powers) o Triple Entente (Allied Powers) Internal Dissent o socialist parties & groups Militarism o War Plans!

Outbreak of War: Assassination problems in the Balkans Bosnia, Sarajevo Archduke Francis Ferdinand The Black Hand o Gavrilo Princip

Austria-Hungary & Russia A-H: "itchin' for a fight" o Germany's Blank Check  William II Russian Response o MIlitary Plans: FOLLOW DIRECTIONS!!  Step one: Invade A-H  Step two: Invade Germany

Germany: Schlieffen Plan German 2-Front War Plan o France & Russia o FOLLOW THE PLAN!! o Britain's entry

: Illusion & Stalemate The Excitement of War o Nationalism o "be proud that you live in such a time and in such a nation...that you have the privilege of sending those you love into so glorious a battle" Plans for a short war

War in West Schlieffen Plan: A gamble o flawed from the beginning Battle of Marne o 20 miles from Paris o start of trench warfare

War in the East Battle of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes o crushing Russian defeats  General Paul von Hindenburg  General Erich Ludendorff The Austrians o fared less well than Germans o Battle of Galcia  almost knocks Russia out of the war

: The Great Slaughter Trench Warfare o barbed wire o machine gun nests, heavy artillery o "no man's land" Confusing tactics o softening' them up o full frontal assault German assault at Verdun

Daily Life in the trenches persistent presence of death o the stench of decomposing bodies and swarms of rats growing fat Rotation o one week trench o one week reserve o two weeks other  repeat "Live & Let Live System" o code of war

The Widening of the War stalemate forces looking for an advantage Ottoman Empire o Central Powers Italy o switch sides, Central -> Allied o looking for land Global Conflict o Middle East: Lawrence of Arabia o Africa:  no German colonies o Asia  Japan

Entry of the United States Attempts at neutrality Battle of Jutland o Britain naval dominance o Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Lusitania o British passenger ship o 100 Americans killed No fear of Americans o "disorganized & undisciplined" o US joins April 1917

New Kind of Warfare Zeppelin o giant airship Airplane

Tanks o introduced in 1916 o British Mark V o set stage for WWII Chemical Warfare o used to demoralize, injure and kill o mustard gas & phosgene chlorine  deaths limited  gas masks Machine Guns o easy targets

Section 2 The Russian Revolution

Background to Revolution Unprepared for war o Incompetent leaders: Czar Nicholas II o Unprepared industry o results = severe casualties Beginnings of upheaval o Grigory Rasputin o influential o assassination

The March Revolution (1917) Women's strike in Petrograd o "Peace and Bread" o "Down with the autocracy" Send in the troops (and shoot in needed) o army joins in instead of fighting against Duma o creates the Provisional government o end of Nicholas and Romanov Dynasty

Provisional Government Aleksandr Kerensky o mistake: carrying on the war Soviets o councils of workers, soldiers and peasants  strongest: Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks seize power Bolsheviks o Vladimir Lenin o dedicated to violent revolution Lenin and Bolsheviks o seize power from provisional government  came from Germany o Promises: (4) o Slogans: (3)

The Bolsheviks seize power November 6: Winter Palace all-Russian Congress of Soviets o Lenin directs power Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany o peace with a cost o Gave up lots of land  Poland, Ukraine, Finland and Baltic provinces  temporary: rise of Socialist parties

Civil War in Russia Red v. White o Whites:  opposed Bolsheviks/Communists  Allied support  Siberia o Fate of the Czar and his family

Triumph of Communists well-disciplined fighting force disunity of White Army o no clear goal War communism Terror o Cheka Patriotism o fear the invade

Section 3 The Peace Settlement

Impact of Total War Total War o civilians + soldiers Increase in Governmental Powers o long term m planning o conscription/draft o planned economies o "who remain to till the soil and man the factories are no less a part of the army than the men beneath the battle flags"

Manipulation of Public Opinion By force DORA (Defense of Realm Act) o limit speech Propaganda

The Last Year of the War Impact of Russian Withdrawal o Germany: renewed hope o Grand Offensive: March to July o Second Battle of Marne  the gamble fails September 1918 o Ludendorff "all is lost, sue for peace" o Allies: no peace with autocratic government  11/9: William II resigns  11/11/18: armistice agreed upon Casualties of War: "lost generation" o 8 to 9 million die on the battlefield o 22 million wounded

Decline of Austria-Hungary ethnic minorities seek independence

Peace Aims Woodrow Wilson "14 Points" o open covenants o reduction of national armaments o self-determination o lasting peace Threats to Liberty: Absolutism & Militarism o need for a League of Nations Stumbling Blocks o France & GB: Germany must PAY!!!! Big 4: o Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceau and Italy

Treaty of Versailles (Blame Germany) Harsh peace to Germans (don't think about treaty you signed with Russia) War Guilt Clause Reparations Territory loss o Alsace & Lorraine o demilitarized zone

Other Peace Treaties Redrawing map of Eastern Europe Russia & Germany lose land A-H is no more Collapse of Ottoman Empire o British and French Mandates League of nations o no teeth