Chapter Ninth Edition America: Past and Present America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Onset of the Cold War 28

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Cold War Begins: Issues Dividing U.S., U.S.S.R. Control of postwar Europe Economic aid Nuclear disarmament

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Division of Europe 1945: Russians occupied eastern Europe, American troops occupied western Europe Soviet Union sought eastern European buffer U.S. demanded national self-determination through free elections throughout Europe Stalin converted eastern Europe into a system of satellite nations

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Europe After World War II

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Withholding Economic Aid Russia devastated by World War II Some Americans sought to influence Russia with Lend-Lease economic aid 1945: United States halted Lend-Lease without Russian settlement Leverage lost in shaping Soviet policy

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Atomic Dilemma 1943: Nuclear race between U.S. and U.S.S.R. 1946: Baruch Plan –Rapid reduction of U.S. military force –Gradual reduction favored U.S. atomic monopoly Soviet Union –Larger conventional army than U.S. –Immediate abolition of atomic weapons

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Containment 1947: George C. Marshall appointed Secretary of State Dean Acheson: England’s former role as arbiter of world affairs George Kennan: Called for “containment of Russia’s expansive tendencies”

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Truman Doctrine 1947: Truman sought funds to keep Greece and Turkey in Western sphere of influence Truman Doctrine: “Support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressure” Doctrine an informal declaration of cold war against the Soviet Union

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Marshall Plan 1947: George Marshall proposed aid for rebuilding European industries Russia refused aid 1948: Marshall Plan adopted by Congress Plan fostered western European prosperity

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Marshall Plan to Aid Europe, 1948– 1952

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Western Military Alliance 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization –Military alliance included U.S., Canada, most of western Europe –U.S. troops stationed in Europe NATO intensified Russia’s fear of the West

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Berlin Blockade June, 1948: Russian blockade of Berlin Truman ordered airlift to supply the city 1949: Russians end blockade U.S. political victory dramatized division

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Cold War Expands 1947: U.S.–Russian arms race accelerated Conflict expanded to Asia

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Military Dimension 1947: National Security Act –Department of Defense unified armed forces –Central Intelligence Agency coordinated intelligence-gathering –National Security Council advised president Defense budget devoted to air power 1949: First Russian atomic bomb exploded, U.S. began hydrogen bomb development

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Cold War in Asia 1945: U.S. consolidates hold on Japan, former Japanese possessions in Pacific 1949: Victory of Mao Tse-tung brings China into Soviet orbit Truman refused recognition of Communist China, began building up Japan

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Korean War June 25, 1950: Communist North Korean forces invaded U.S.-influenced South Korea Truman made South Korea’s defense a U.N. effort, sent in U.S. troops –U.S. routed Korean forces in South –Attempt to unify Korea drew in China –U.S. pushed back to South, war a stalemate Result: Massive American rearmament

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Korean War, 1950–1953

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Cold War at Home New Deal economic policies undermined Fears of Communist subversion Republicans used anticommunism to revive their party

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Truman’s Troubles Obstacles to Truman’s Fair Deal reforms: –Apathetic public –Inflation –Labor unrest 1946: Republicans win Congress

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Truman Vindicated Taft-Hartley Act outlawed certain union tactics –Truman vetoed, Republicans overrode his veto

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Truman Vindicated 1948 election: Truman thought unelectable –Northern liberals supported Henry Wallace’s Progressive candidacy –Southern Democrats supported “Dixiecrat” Strom Thurmond

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Truman Vindicated 1948 election: Truman thought unelectable –Republican Thomas Dewey overconfident and ran bland campaign, failed to challenge Truman on Cold War because of the Berlin Crisis –Roosevelt coalition reelected Truman on domestic issues

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Loyalty Issue House Un-American Activities Committee investigated Communist subversion in government Truman responded with loyalty program Alger Hiss case Democrats blamed for: –“Losing” China to Communism –Russia’s development of a hydrogen bomb

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands McCarthyism in Action 1950: Senator Joseph McCarthy launched anticommunist campaign Innocent overwhelmed by accusations Attacks on privileged bureaucrats –Supported by Midwest Republicans –Attracted Irish, Italian, Polish workers to Republicans

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Republicans in Power 1952: Eisenhower captures White House for Republican Party July 27, 1953: stalemate accepted in Korea Eisenhower deals passively with McCarthy 1954: Attack on Army discredits McCarthy, who is then censured

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Election of 1952

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Eisenhower Wages the Cold War Eisenhower prefers to work behind the scenes Eisenhower wanted to relax tensions with Soviets –Debt imposed by defense spending –Possibility of atomic warfare Eisenhower’s “new look” policy relied on massive retaliation to deter Soviet attacks

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Entanglement in Indochina Eisenhower refused military aid for French retention of colonial Indochina Victory of Communist Ho Chi Minh prompted intervention to prevent election Vietnam divided, election postponed South Vietnam under U.S. puppet regime

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Containing China Tough line against China Drove wedge between China, Russia Strategy ultimately worked Effects not immediately apparent

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Turmoil in the Middle East 1956: Nasser nationalized Suez Canal France, England invaded Egypt Eisenhower won Middle East trust by pressuring English, French withdrawal 1958: Lebanon invited U.S. troops to maintain order

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Covert Actions Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) used to achieve covert objectives Iran: CIA restored the shah to power Guatemala: CIA ousted leftist government Eastern Europe: Refused to help East Germans or Hungarians

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Waging Peace Nuclear test ban treaty –U.S. and U.S.S.R. agreed to suspend nuclear testing in the atmosphere October, 1957: Russians launched Sputnik May, 1960: U-2 incident cancelled plans for summit on new Berlin Crisis

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Continuing Cold War January, 1961: Eisenhower warned against growing military-industrial complex Post-war era marked by Cold War rather than peace and tranquility