Mark D. Baker What have we learned from RHIC? Mark D. Baker Chemistry Department Thanks to: W. Busza, Axel Drees, J. Katzy, B. Lugo, P. Steinberg, N. Xu,

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Presentation transcript:

Mark D. Baker What have we learned from RHIC? Mark D. Baker Chemistry Department Thanks to: W. Busza, Axel Drees, J. Katzy, B. Lugo, P. Steinberg, N. Xu, F. Wolfs BSA Lecture Committee Particle Data Group

Mark D. Baker Some of the people

Mark D. Baker Where they come from BNL –Chemistry, Collider-Accelerator, Physics >1000 people from around the world –Brazil, Canada, China, Croatia, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Israel, Japan, Korea, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Taiwan, UK, US

Mark D. Baker What is the universe made of? & What holds it together?

Mark D. Baker What is the universe made of? Placeholder

Mark D. Baker What holds it together?: The Fundamental Forces

Mark D. Baker Let’s smash some atoms! u u u u u u d ud ud ud ud proton pion (  ) u u d

Mark D. Baker If you can’t smash it, heat it! Temperature Plasma Pressure

Mark D. Baker Sideways slide - How much heat? Placeholder

Mark D. Baker Heat is also a window back in time

Mark D. Baker How do we get to 2 trillion o K? Collide Gold nuclei at 99.99% of the speed of light But: Will these fast violent collisions teach us anything? seconds, liters

Mark D. Baker The plan of attack Collide gold nuclei at high energy –Collider, detectors, computers Understand the collision dynamics –Collective motion, equilibrium –Temperature, density Learn about the strong interaction –Quark-Gluon Plasma –Confinement

Mark D. Baker Where?

Mark D. Baker Inside the tunnel

Mark D. Baker STAR

RHIC Computing Facility The detectors can take 7 Gigabytes of data / minute!

Mark D. Baker First Collisions

Mark D. Baker Timeline Collisions Delivered Star & Phobos Brahms & Phenix |-----June------|-----July------|----August----|--September--|---October---|---November--| 2000  s NN = 130 GeV Au-Au |-December--|--January---|--February--|----March----|-----April-----| (PHOBOS) (STAR) (PHENIX) 1st Collisions Papers (PHENIX) (BRAHMS)(PHOBOS) (STAR) Papers

Mark D. Baker Looking for collective effects... Is Gold+Gold > 197 * Proton+Proton?

Mark D. Baker RHIC is something new! PHOBOS CERN/SPS Energy/nucleon (GeV) Produced Particles/ Participating Nucleon Pair PHENIX BRAHMS prelim. PRL 85 (2000) 3100

Mark D. Baker How many produced particles? Measured # in a head-on collision: 4100±410 (Simulation) PHOBOS Preliminary

Mark D. Baker Elliptic Flow: A collective effect dN/d(  R ) = N 0 (1 + 2V 1 cos (  R ) + 2V 2 cos (2(  R )) +... ) Elliptic flow Beam’s eye view of a non-central collision: Asymmetric particle distribution: Particles prefer to be “in-plane” 

Mark D. Baker Elliptic Flow Expectations Hydrodynamic model V2V2 Normalized Multiplicity midrapidity : |  | < 1.0 Preliminary Particle asymmetry No collective motion Hydrodynamic “Flow”

Mark D. Baker Elliptic Flow Hydrodynamic model V2V2 Normalized Multiplicity midrapidity : |  | < 1.0 Preliminary PRL 86 (2001) 402 Particle asymmetry

Mark D. Baker Collective motion largest at RHIC STAR, PRL 86 (2001) 402

Mark D. Baker It even makes sense in detail Huovinen, Kolb, Heinz Particle asymmetry

Mark D. Baker Plan of attack - where are we? Collide gold nuclei at high energy –Collider, detectors, computers Understand the collision dynamics –Collective motion, equilibrium –Temperature, density Learn about the strong interaction –Quark-Gluon Plasma –Confinement

Mark D. Baker We see the conditions at freezeout (a lower limit to the maximum Temperature) FreezeoutHottest period Expansion cooling

Mark D. Baker Separating Temperature & Expansion Compare produced particles with different masses! Effective Temperature mass

Mark D. Baker o K RHIC shows rapid expansion & a high temperature Effective Temperature (GeV) CERN NA49 STAR Preliminary

Mark D. Baker Another thermometer In an equilibrium system, two parameters are sufficient to predict the “chemical” mix: (# pions) / (# protons) (# kaons) / (# pions) (# anti-protons)/(# protons) et cetera. Temperature (T) and “net amount of matter” (  B )

Mark D. Baker Temperature from particle ratios T = ( ) o K - STAR Preliminary ,5,7

Mark D. Baker Temperature at Freezeout Chemical: T = ( ) o K Kinetic: T = ( ) o K We did reach ~ 2 trillion K! - -

Mark D. Baker The yields are compared to predictions by Hijing. The SPS data values from NA44, NA49 are plotted as reference. The  ~3 measurement converted to y using the accepted mean pt.

Mark D. Baker What happens before freeze-out? Energetic particles come from quark or gluon “jets”. They interact with the dense medium, but can’t thermalize. Jet energy loss (“quenching”) is predicted. Jet quenching measures the density early in the collision. pion

Mark D. Baker Jet quenching at RHIC? Neutral pions Central collisions No quenching Number Transverse Momentum (GeV/c) Neutral pions Peripheral collisions Quenching Transverse Momentum (GeV/c) Preliminary

Mark D. Baker More on jet quenching Details need to be understood before conclusions can be drawn.

Mark D. Baker Summary We’ve learned a lot about the system –We have reached ~2 trillion degrees K –The system is expanding rapidly. –It was probably even hotter and denser Possible first evidence of jet quenching! –Should lead to a measure of the density No conclusions yet about the strong force.

Mark D. Baker Outlook More analysis More data (x100 next run) –Allows new early time probes More variety of data –Energy and species scan Detector Upgrades It’s going to get even better! Stay tuned for news about the strong force!