Presentation prepared for Queensland University, Brisbane, July 22, 2010

Overview Within-nation subcultures in Culture’s Consequences Recent within-nation subculture research Theories of culture origins applied to within-nation cultural groups Ongoing projects

Subcultures in Culture’s Consequences Multilingual countries: Belgium, Switzerland, Yugoslavia Also, reference to East and West Germany, Francophone and Anglophone Canada, etc. Especially institutional explanations, mainly government-based colonization and conquest Implicitly, normative influence and imitation linked to language

Recent Within-Nation Subculture Research Alternative to nation-level and individual-level views Boyacigiller and Adler (1991) advocate attention to within-nation subcultures as a confounding variable (also Lundberg & Peterson, 1994) Individual-level region comparisons in Brazil, northern Latin America and China circa 2000 (Lenartowicz, Roth, Johnson; Ralston, Egri) Region-level measure based research in Brazil (Hofstede and colleagues, JCCP, in press) Mostly examples, many gaps

Drive to Theories of Culture Origins How do cultural groups emerge? How does culture get linked national and other boundaries? Theories Functional explanations: e.g., climate, farming demands Institutional explanations: e.g., conquest, evangelism, best practices transfer Complexity/interpretive explanations: e.g., heros Literatures History (medieval) and anthropology Political science Sociology Peterson, M.F. (forthcoming). International Themes in Organization Culture Research (HOCC, 2 nd ed, Sage Press). Theory manuscript with Aycan Kara.

Regions Project Concepts and Measures Values WVS SVS Roles, Rules and Norms (Social Structures) Superiors, subordinates, colleagues, formal rules, organizational and national norms, friends and family Similar to role theory/decision theory categories Not role expectations, but sources of meaning Not making decisions, but giving meaning to events

Regions Projects Underway Nigeria (Mogaji, Fanimokun), Hungary, Iran (Rowney), Francophone Canada (Toffoli) Individual level Roles, rules and norms (sources of guidance) from MDQ and WVS North America (Lenartowicz), China (Pan), Netherlands (van Iterson), Lussophone (Jesuino), others Individual-level means, region-level clusters using WVS, MDQ, and SVS, and region differences in correlations Germany, Portugal (van Iterson; Maastricht colleagues) Region-level WVS and economic indicators Europe (Vadi; Tartu colleagues)

Nigeria WVS: Formal and Unwritten Rules Sources of Guidance Inglehart items/ scales Hausa Muslim Hausa Christian YorubaIbo Mean (s.d.) Mean (s.d.) Mean (s.d.) Mean (s.d.) Ethnic Groups R 2 Δ Formal rules Confidence in Government 3.00 (.81) 2.93 (.83) 2.31 (.82) 2.47 (.81).08 *** Rule Breaking Justifiable 1.62 (.97) 1.63 (.77) 2.22 (1.65) 2.22 (1.61).03** Unwritten Rules Conform to friend’s expectation 3.10 (.96) 2.57 (.95) 3.01 (.86) 3.16 (.83).04***

Nigeria WVS: Widespread Beliefs Sources of Guidance Inglehart items/scales Hausa Muslim Hausa Christian YorubaIbo Mean (s.d.) Mean (s.d.) Mean (s.d.) Mean (s.d.) Ethnic Groups R squared Δ Widespread Beliefs Religion Important 3.97 (.18) 3.98 (.15) 3.93 (.29) 3.90 (3.59).01 Religion in Public office 4.57 (.76) 4.04 (1.10) 4.54 (.76) 4.30 (.96).03** Society should not change 1.77 (.64) 1.85 (.63) 1.75 (.68) 1.84 (.69).00

Global WVS Norms Sources of Guidance Inglehart items/scales Nations with WVS data Hausa Muslim Hausa Christian YorubaIbo Global Rank Formal rules Confidence in Government Rule Breaking Justifiable Unwritten Rules Conform to friend’s expectation Widespread Beliefs Religion in Public office

Nigeria MDQ (Global Norms) Hausa Muslim Hausa Christian YorubaIbo Self Own Experience** (of 65).40 (63).57 (53).40 (64).27 (65) Rules and Norms Formal Rules.73 (9).96 (2).86 (4).83 (6) Unwritten Rules-.01 (44) -.04 (53).10 (43).19 (31) Widespread Beliefs*.03 (13) -.30 (35) -.26 (33) -.22 (24)

NigeriaMDQ (Global Norms) Hausa Muslim Hausa Christian YorubaIbo Role Categories Superiors* (of 64).47 (46).85 (11).72 (25).75 (27) Subordinates (of 65).08 (29).04 (40).15 (20).16 (31) Colleagues (of 65).04 (13).06 (19).06 (21).03 (28) Specialists (of 65) -.41 (52) -.25 (38) -.18 (24) -.13 (18) Family** (of 11) -.52 (1) -.88 (3) -.89 (4) -.95 (2)

North America Regions: Minkov (2007) Culture Dimensions (w/ Lenartowicz) Exclusionism E.g., a025 Respect and love for parents E.g., a125 Neighbors: People of a different race Indulgence E.g., a173 How much freedom of choice and control E.g., a003 Leisure time important in life Monumentalism E.g., a007 Service to others important in life E.g., g006 How proud of nationality

North America SSA

NA: SVS-Related Region-Level Factors SVS WVS1 (alpha=.78 in NA) Conservatism? a191 living in secure surroundings a193 help the people nearby a197 looking after the environment a198 tradition SVS WVS2 (alpha=.83 in NA) Initiative? a189 think up new ideas and be creative a190 be rich a194 being very successful a195 adventure and taking risks SVS WVS3 Hedonism? a192 have a good time First two correlated r=.65 N=13 regions of U.S. and Canada

NA: SVS Region Measures from CLIPPER Conservatism (5 items; alpha=.81) Intellectual Autonomy (3 items; alpha=.56) Affective Autonomy (3 items; alpha=.67) Hierarchy (4 items; alpha=.75) Egalitarianism (5 items; alpha=.33) Mastery (4 items; alpha=.71) Harmony (3 items; alpha=.81)

NA Correlations Among Region-Level SVS- based Measures SVS WVS1SVS WVS2 Conserv Int. Aut Aff. Aut Hierar Egalitar Mastery Harmony (N=13 regions; two significant at p<.10)

NA Correlations of WVS SVS Measures with Sources of Guidance SVS WVS1SVS WVS2 Formal Unwritten Subordinates Specialists Colleagues Self Widespread Family Friends.46.51

Some Things to Do Check region-level measurement structure after controlling for nation differences Correlations of sources with effectiveness as attribution indicators Clarify on relative importance of nation, within-nation, and multiple nation geographic boundaries Work carefully through culturally significant regions of all nations; group of collaborators? Promote region-level hypothesis testing about implications for economics and social indicators Journal special issue (w/ Soendergaard?) Focused within-nation culture book