Federal Republic of Nigeria Citizen, Society, and State

Diversity different ethnic groups w/ separate languages, customs, and religions. - Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%,Igbo 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5% Languages: English (official), hausa, Yoruba, Igbo, Fulani.. Over 500 langauges

Population Around 150 mil Incredibly young population

Public Challenges Poverty Huge income gap HIV/AIDS Public Health, low life expectancy, 1987 Bamako initiative (increased accessibility to health care and user fees)

Literacy 75.7% 60.6% (male,female)

Schooling Public education, No compulsory attendance Secondary school rate 32% male 27% female GDP devoted to education?

Cleavages Regional, ethnic, religious, urban/rural, social class Undermine basic legitimacy of government

Cleavages Ethnicity Hausa-Fulani, Igbo, and Yoruba Cultural and language barriers Regionally separated and virtually no contact between groups.

Religion Many competing religions 50% muslim, 40% christian, 10% native religions Bitterness from british preferential treatment towards Christians Significant shia minority

Region 195: division into three separated regions

Urban V Rural Political organizations, interest groups, and media all in cities Activities heavily suppressed by annulment of 1993 election and execution of environmentalist activist Ken Saro-Wiwa Black Gold in south

Social Class Elite control state and country resources Elite divided between personal and national interests

Political participation Free press and interest group participation even under military but restrictions did still exist Political participation in patron-client system Max Weber- “prebendalism”

Civil society Many interest groups and less formal voluntary associations 1999: formal associations strengthened National union of petroleum and gas workers and other trade unions/professional organizations Formal associations- legal, medical, journalism