TREND ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL INDICATORS ON FOOD SECURITY: MALAYSIA Regional Training Workshop on Food Security Statistics Derived from the Food Consumption Data Collected in National Household Surveys (NHS) Bangkok, Thailand 25-29 November 2013

Dimensions of Food Security Access Availability Utilization Vulnerability

Analysis of physical access Analysis of economic access OUTPUT DETERMINANTS Analysis of physical access Analysis of economic access OUTPUT Prevalence of undernourishment Depth of food deficit

Access Determinant Analysis of Physical Access per 100 km of land area (possibility of access to markets)

Analysis of Economic Access comparison of food PPP over general PPP Access Determinant Analysis of Economic Access comparison of food PPP over general PPP

Access Output Prevalence of Undernourishment probability that an individual consumes insufficient calories to cover energy requirements Less than 5% between 1990 to 2010 It is not a serious issue in Malaysia.

Access Output Depth of Food Deficit, kcal/caput/day how many calories needed to lift the undernourished

Availability Analysis of dietary energy supply Analysis of food adequacy (percentage of DES over average energy requirement) Analysis of the share of protein in total diet

Dietary Energy Supply National average calories per caput per day Availability Dietary Energy Supply National average calories per caput per day

Analysis of Food Adequacy DES as percentage of ADER Availability

Average Protein Supply Availability Average Protein Supply

Access to safe water or sanitation OUTPUT Stunting (chronic) Utilization DETERMINANT Access to safe water or sanitation OUTPUT Stunting (chronic) Underweight (chronic/acute, MDG1)

Access to Water & Sanitation % of population Utilization Access to Water & Sanitation % of population

Chronic Stunting: Percentage of Children under 5 Utilization Chronic Stunting: Percentage of Children under 5

Underweight: Percentage of Children Under 5 Utilization Underweight: Percentage of Children Under 5

Vulnerability EXPOSURE Cereal Import Dependency Ratio Percent of Arable Land Equipped for Irrigation Value of Food Imports in Total Merchandise Exports SHOCK Food price volatility Food production volatility Political stability

Cereal Import Dependency Ratio cereal imports over total supply Vulnerability Cereal Import Dependency Ratio cereal imports over total supply

Percent of Arable Land Equipped for Irrigation Vulnerability Percent of Arable Land Equipped for Irrigation

Value of Food Imports in Total Merchandise Exports Vulnerability Value of Food Imports in Total Merchandise Exports

Vulnerability Food Price Volatility

Food Production Volatility Vulnerability Food Production Volatility

Vulnerability Political Stability

PRESENTATION OF THE SURVEY AND LIMITATIONS OF THE FOOD CONSUMPTION DATA

Household Expenditure Survey (HES) Introduction 1st conducted: Peninsular Malaysia (1957/58) -household budget survey of the federation of Malaysia Sarawak (1967/68) Sabah (1968/69) Malaysian level (1973) Since 1993 onwards-HES was carried out concurrently nation wide at an interval of five years Four (4) surveys were conducted that is in 1993/94, 1998/99, 2004/2005 and the most recent 2009/10 Family budget survey

Household Expenditure Survey (HES) Method of data collection Direct personal interview - Visits to the selected household every alternate day - Each household was given a daily record book to record all expenses made on goods and services for a period of one month Covered for the reference period of 12 months Every round consisted of approximately 2,000 households who were interviewed over a period of 1 month

Household Expenditure Survey (HES) Method of data collection (cont.d) frequency – every 5 years recent survey– HES 2009/2010: April 2009 until March 2010 Coverage – all states in Malaysia (urban & rural) - household staying in private living quarters

Household Expenditure Survey (HES) Number of food items (6 digits) = 451 items LIMITATIONS Different units used in the items collected –e.g. pieces, gm, kg Quantity data was collected but was not published due to data inaccuracies.

Composition of household expenditure by strata, Malaysia, 2009/10, percentage Expenditure group Total Urban Rural Food and non-alcoholic beverages 20.3 18.1 27.4 Restaurant and hotel 10.9 11.5 8.8

Food and non-alcoholic Beverages

Food Away from Home %

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