조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 1 /25 Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag McNamara 조성일 Presenter ( 火 )

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 2 /25 마실것 주스 오렌지 사과 콜라 펩시 코카 사이다 칠성 천영 생수 우유 밀키스 크리미

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 3 /25 Intro Theories Priming Spreading-Activation Models of Priming Non-Spreading-Activation Models of Priming Associative Distance Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 General Discussion Conclusion

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 4 /25 Intro Performance is affected –By previous retrieval operation –By the context in the retrieval task place The dominant explanation of priming appealed to the concept of spreading activation –Retrieving an item from memory amounted to activating internal representation –Activation spread throughout interconnected network of memory traces –Residual activation accumulation at memory traces facilitated subsequent retrieval Automatic associative priming occurs in a large number of memory retrieval task –Semantic categorization, lexical decisions, item recognition, naming, judgments of spatial location –One or other of 2 alternative mechanisms Spreading activation Construction of compound retrieval cues (Non-spreading activation)

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 5 /25 Intro Experiment 1 –Summarize two spreading-activation and two non-spreading-activation model Experiment 2 –Examines the effects of associative distance on priming –Experiment 1 test for three-step mediated priming in lexical decisions (mane-lion-tiger-stripe) Experiment 3 –Investigates priming across lags of zero, one, or two unrelated items –Considers the implications of these results for the theories priming Findings –Spreading-activation : consistent –Non-spreading-activation : inconsistent –Rejection of spreading-activation mechanisms is premature

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 6 /25 Theories of priming Simple comparisons between the two classes of models can be misleading –The variance in predictions within classes is often as great as the variance in prediction between classes The priming effects are caused by mechanisms different from –Associative priming in item recognition, lexical decision, and naming Concern with automatic component of associative priming –Property of the way information is retrieved from memory Use response latency as the primary dependent variable –Difficult to get high error rates without introducing strategic components to the task

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 7 /25 Spreading-Activation Models of Priming Memory is conceived of as a network of interconnected memory traces, or nodes –Activation spreads to all connected nodes –Decays with distance and time One concept can be actively processed at a time –But activation continues to spread en after a concept has ceased to be processed The residual activation that accumulates at neighboring traces facilitates their subsequent retrieval (e.g. lion-tiger) The time required for activation to spread from one node to another cannot be used to explain effects of network distance on retrieval time –The effects of distance must be attributed to asymptotic activation level Decay of activation can be quite rapid, within 500ms –Close to ACT –Attention is shifted, activation of the node decays very rapidly (exponentially) –Priming in ACT are different from priming in the Quillian(1967)

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 8 /25 Non-Spreading-Activation Models of Priming Compound-cue model must be combined with theory of memory –Make predictions about performance in memory retrieval tasks In SAM (search of associative memory), a matrix of association among cues and memory traces, which are called images –Cues are assembled in a short-term store, or probe set, which is the match against all item in memory In TODAM (theory of distributed associative memory), to-be- remembered items are represented as vectors of features –Sum of vectors, convolution –The resulting scalar can be mapped into familiarity and, in turn, into response time and accuracy Examine mechanisms of priming and extent to explain of priming effects

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 9 /25 SAM A-B-C-D-E-F, G-H-I, J-K-L (three separate associate chains); N (non-word) Residual strengths are 0.2 for item in memory and 0.1 for items not in memory Q: compound cue, X: image in memory, W: weight applied to the strengths Weight –0.7 and 0.3 ( target and prime ) –0.5, 0.3 and 0.2 ( target, prime and item before the prime) –The largest weight is assigned to the target

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 10 /25 SAM Prime, target and unrelated word Cue elements are unrelated, F({K,E,H})=F({K,H,E}) Prime, unrelated word and target Preprime letter string, prime and target

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 11 /25 TODAM Memory is represented by Vector M, item are represented by the vectors A-L, and association are represented by A*B –Independent of all other vectors

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 12 /25 Associative Distance Distance refers to the number of associative steps that intervene between the prime and the target in memory –Activation decays continuously with network distance –In non-spreading-activation, effects of distance on priming are much more constrained SAM predicts priming at a distance one or two but not three or greater (e.g. mane-(lion)-tiger) vs. (e.g. mane-lion-tiger-stripes) TODAM predicts priming at a distance of one step The goal of Experiment1 –Test for priming at a distance of three Only at this distance can spreading-activation model and SAM be distinguished

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 13 /25 Experiment 1 _Method & Results Subject –200 undergraduates Material and design –First word was associated with the second word but not the third word (e.g. lion-tiger-stripes) ; by Balota and Lorch(1986) –Collected free-association data and select a list 40 quadruplets of words (e.g. mane-lion-tiger-stripes) neither the third nor the fourth ; by McNamara and Altarriba(1988) –Four associates for each of the 40 prime words Total number of between 81 and 101 subjects per prime 0.53 for the second word, 0.01 for the third word and 0.00 for the forth word –Test lists were constructed using the procedure used by McNamara 120 letter strings, 80 of which were words in English and 40 of which were pronounceable non-words ( no letter string appeared more than once)

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 14 /25

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 15 /25 Experiment 1 _Method & Results Procedure –Received 72 practice trials and 120 experimental trials –Single letter string was presented left-justified in about the center of screen –M key on the keyboard if the letter string was a word and Z otherwise –Interval of 100ms elapsed between the response to a letter string and presentation of the next letter string –If subjects responded incorrectly, the word ERROR replaced the letter string, remained on the screen for 1s, and was followed by a interval during which time the screen was blank –Divided into two 60-trial blocks Results –Error rate on targets was 0.85%(mediated) and 1.3%(unrelated) –Response latencies were 597ms(mediated) and 607ms(unrelated) –10ms difference was significant when subject (item) were treated as the random effect –Size of the three-step priming effect is small

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 16 /25 Experiment 1 _Discussion This experiment demonstrates three-step priming –Free association is an accurate index of association in memory –The primes and the targets were not directly associated –The primes and the target did not share a common associate –The primes and the targets were not semantically related Analysis of McKoon and Ratcliff’s –The arrows indicate the direction in which associations were obtained Average length of the mediation path for non-mediated pairs( ) Many pairs were connected by multiple paths 11 two-step(15.3ms) and 8 three-step(10ms) item A weighted average is 13.1ms, which is nearly identical to 13 priming effect

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 17 /25 Experiment 1 _Discussion Additional analyses of the stimuli used in experiment 1 –One group (n=22) contained items that had a least one non-successive association, the priming effect was 11ms –other group (n=18) contained items that had a least one successive association, the priming effect was 8ms –The difference between these priming effects was not significant Association between the primes and the targets did not affect the size of the priming effect

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 18 /25 Lag The number of the items that intervene between the prime and the target –Standard priming uses a lag of 0 –The goal of experiment 2 was to examine semantic priming in lexical decision over of 0,1 and 2 intervening words

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 19 /25 Experiment 2 _Method Subjects –48 undergraduate Material and design –Stimuli consisted of 60 triplets of words ( target-relate prime-unrelated prime) –Factorial combination of lag(0,1 and 2) and relatedness (related vs. unrelated) –No target appeared earlier than the 17 th serial position –Five, six, or seven empty slots intervened between any two target –Divided into 10 sets of six Procedure –72 practice trials and 444 experimental trials –M key on the keyboard if the letter string was a word and Z otherwise –Divided into four blocks

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 20 /25 Experiment 2 _Results & Discussion The overall error rate on targets was very low(<1%) Priming effect was numerically larger in the lag 0 condition than in the lag 1 condition, but the difference was not statistically reliable Priming occurs when one unrelated item intervenes between the prime and the target, but not when two items intervene –Not resolve whether time or number of intervening item is the critical variable Response to the target –Related > unrelated –Lexical status did not affect response to the target

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 21 /25 Experiment 3 _Method Responses to word following targets as a function of the prime-target relation Response to target words as a function of the lexical status of the items preceding the primes Subjects –40 undergraduates Material and design –60 sets of seven letter strings –Target, two words related to the target, two words unrelated to the target, two nonword –298 words, 147 nonword Procedure –Identical to n experiment 2

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 22 /25 Experiment 3 _Results & Discussion Based on medians computed for each subject and each condition Priming effect in the lag 1 condition, significant –Target is preceded by tow words Effects of prime-target relation on response to post-target word –No effect of the lexical status of the letter string preceding the prime –Mean response latency and error rate (654ms and 6%) in related condition –Mean response latency and error rate (637ms and 4%) in unrelated condition –Not significant –Response latencies were about 75ms longer for posttarget words than for targets in the unrelated prime condition Differences in word frequencies for the two sets of words

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 23 /25 Experiment 3 _Results & Discussion Effects of preprime letter string on response to the target –The lag-1 priming data imply that the lexical status of the preprime letter string affect responses to the target –Correct positive response receding a target reduced response latencies on the target by 22.5ms –Added to the mean in the word/lag 0 (5ms) –Subtracted from the nonword/lag 0 (22.5ms) –No apparent slowing of responses in the nonword/lag 0 condition –These result are consistent with the spreading-activation models, but they are problematic for TODAM and SAM Both model predict a difference in response time between the word/lag 0 and the nonword/lag 0

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 24 /25 Experiment 3 _Results & Discussion

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 25 /25 General Discussion Consistent with the spreading-activation models of priming but inconsistent with at least one of the non-spreading-activation models Non-spreading-activation model might be able to handle distance effect in priming –In SAM, association between the three-step primes and targets were than the residual value In experiment 3, –no priming on a word following a primed target, even though there was priming at a lag of 1 –Nonword before priming effect and did not slow responses any more than would be expected from sequential effects –Response to target should be faster in the nonword/lag0 condition than in the word/lag 0 condition SAM, TODAM might be able to predict the size of lag0 and lag1 priming effect

조성일 Presenter Theories of Priming: I. Associative Distance and Lag Ergo Lab 26 /25 Conclusion Priming might be caused by the content of retrieval cues was important for –Compound-cue model enabled several non-spreading-activation model of memory to predict priming effects –Non-spreading-activation models of priming seemed to account for several result that caused problems for spreading-activation model spreading-activation viable explanation of automatic associative priming and that it may be a fundamental mechanism of memory retrival