EOCT Review Day 5: Evolution

SB5. Students will evaluate the role of natural selection in the development of the theory of evolution. a. Trace the history of the theory. b. Explain the history of life in terms of biodiversity, ancestry, and the rates of evolution. c. Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory. d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms. e. Recognize the role of evolution to biological resistance (pesticide and antibiotic resistance)

SB5a. Trace the history of the theory Jean Baptiste de Lamarck Evolution of acquired characteristics (1809) Charles Darwin Took a voyage on the Beagle to South America, the Galapagos In 1859, published On the Origin of Species, about evolution by natural selection

Speciation: the evolution of a new species SB5b. Explain the history of life in terms of biodiversity, ancestry, and the rates of evolution. Speciation: the evolution of a new species Usually occurs due to geographical isolation Adaptive radiation: when many new species evolve in a short time Convergent evolution: Unrelated species evolve similarities because they are adaptations to similar environments

Biodiversity: the variety of organisms on earth SB5b. Explain the history of life in terms of biodiversity, ancestry, and the rates of evolution. Biodiversity: the variety of organisms on earth Life has diversified by alterations in the genetic code of organisms over time Cladogram (Phylogenetic Tree): diagram that shows the relationships between different groups of organisms Branching points represent common ancestors

SB5b. Explain the history of life in terms of biodiversity, ancestry, and the rates of evolution. Gradualism: evolution that occurs slowly and steadily over time Punctuated Equilibrium: evolution that occurs in rapid bursts with long periods of stability

SB5c. Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory Fossil Evidence Fossils show the origin, extinction, and transitions in groups of organisms Biochemical evidence Groups of organisms that are more closely related to one another will have more similar DNA and amino acid sequences

SB5c. Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory Anatomy Homologous: features that are the same because two organisms are closely related Ex. Wing of a bat and forearm of a human Analogous: similar features that evolve in unrelated organisms because they are adaptations to similar environments Ex. Wing of a bird and wing of a butterfly Vestigial: features that have no function in an organism but had a function in an ancestor Ex. Appendix in humans, rear legs in snakes

SB5d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms Natural selection: individuals with beneficial traits survive and reproduce better than organisms without those traits, leading to an accumulation of the beneficial traits in later generations Fitness: An organism’s ability to survive and reproduce Adaptation: a characteristic that helps and organism to survive and reproduce in its environment

Biological resistance SB5e. Recognize the role of evolution to biological resistance (pesticide and antibiotic resistance) Biological resistance Use of antibiotics can shift selection to favor resistant strains of bacteria, leading to an accumulation of the resistance trait in future generations Use of pesticides can shift selection to favor resistant insect individuals, leading to resistant populations of pest insects