POWERPOINT ® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by LYNN CIALDELLA, MA, MBA, The University of Texas at Austin Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOURTH EDITION DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN UNIT 1 PART B 6 Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-15 Novel Signal Molecules: Calcium Calcium as an intracellular messenger Extracellular fluid Intracellular fluid Electrical signal Ca 2+ released from intracellular Ca 2+ stores Ca 2+ Ca 2+ binds to proteins Ca 2+ Calmodulin Other Ca 2+ -binding proteins Alters protein activity ExocytosisMovement Chemical signal Ca 2+ in cytosol increases. Voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel opens.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-15 (1 of 5) Novel Signal Molecules: Calcium Extracellular fluid Intracellular fluid Electrical signal Ca 2+ Voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel opens.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-15 (2 of 5) Novel Signal Molecules: Calcium Extracellular fluid Intracellular fluid Electrical signal Ca 2+ released from intracellular Ca 2+ stores Ca 2+ Chemical signal Voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel opens.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-15 (3 of 5) Novel Signal Molecules: Calcium Extracellular fluid Intracellular fluid Electrical signal Ca 2+ Chemical signal Ca 2+ in cytosol increases. Voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel opens. Ca 2+ released from intracellular Ca 2+ stores

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-15 (4 of 5) Novel Signal Molecules: Calcium Extracellular fluid Intracellular fluid Electrical signal Ca 2+ Ca 2+ binds to proteins Ca 2+ Calmodulin Other Ca 2+ -binding proteins Chemical signal Ca 2+ in cytosol increases. Voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel opens. Ca 2+ released from intracellular Ca 2+ stores

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-15 (5 of 5) Novel Signal Molecules: Calcium Extracellular fluid Intracellular fluid Electrical signal Ca 2+ released from intracellular Ca 2+ stores Ca 2+ Ca 2+ binds to proteins Ca 2+ Calmodulin Other Ca 2+ -binding proteins Alters protein activity ExocytosisMovement Chemical signal Ca 2+ in cytosol increases. Voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel opens.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Novel Signal Molecules: Gases  Nitric oxide (NO)  Activates guanylyl cyclase  cGMP  Acts as neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in brain  Produced by endothelial cells  Diffuses and cause vasodilation

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Novel Signal Molecules: Gases  Carbon monoxide (CO)  Also activates guanylyl cyclase and cGMP  Targets smooth muscle and neural tissue

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-16 Novel Signal Molecules: Lipids The arachidonic acid cascade produces lipid messengers

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Novel Signal Molecules: Lipids  Leukotrienes  Role in asthma and anaphylaxis  Prostanoids  Prostaglandins  Sleep, inflammation, pain, fever  Thromboxanes  Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prevent inflammation by inhibiting COX

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Modulation of Signal Pathways  Specificity and competition  Agonist versus antagonist  Multiple receptors for one ligand  Alpha receptor  Vasoconstriction  Beta receptor  Vasodilation

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-18 Modulation of Signal Pathways Target response depends on the target receptor

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Modulation of Signal Pathway  Up-regulation  Down-regulation  By decreasing the number of receptors  By decreasing the binding affinity  One explanation for drug tolerance  Termination mechanism  Disease and drugs

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-19 Control Pathways: Overview Physiological control systems keep regulated variables within a desired range during homeostasis

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Control Systems: Cannon’s Postulates  Nervous regulation of internal environment  Tonic control  Antagonistic control  One chemical signal can have different effects in different tissues

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-20 Control Systems: Tonic Control Tonic control of blood vessel diameter

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-21a Control Systems: Antagonistic Control

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-21b Control Systems: Antagonistic Control

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-22 Control Pathways Comparison of local and reflex control

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-23 Control Pathways: Reflex Control Steps in a reflex control pathway

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-24 Control Pathways: Receptors Multiple meanings of the word receptor

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-25 Control Pathways: Response Loop Thermometer Wire Water temperature increases to 30˚ C Heater Wire to heater Water temperature is 25˚ C STIMULUS SENSOR or RECEPTOR AFFERENT PATHWAY INTEGRATING CENTER EFFERENT PATHWAY TARGET OR EFFECTOR RESPONSE Water temperature is below the setpoint. Thermometer senses temperature decrease. Signal passes through wire to heater. Water temperature increases. Heater turns on. Signal passes from sensor to control box through the wire. Control box is programmed to respond to temperature below 29 degrees. Reflex steps Control box A nonbiological response loop

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-25, step 1 Control Pathways: Response Loop Water temperature is 25˚ C STIMULUS Water temperature is below the setpoint. Reflex steps 1 1

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Control Pathways: Response Loop Figure 6-25, steps 1–2 Thermometer Water temperature is 25˚ C STIMULUS SENSOR or RECEPTOR Water temperature is below the setpoint. Thermometer senses temperature decrease. Reflex steps

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-25, steps 1–3 Control Pathways: Response Loop Thermometer Wire Water temperature is 25˚ C SENSOR or RECEPTOR AFFERENT PATHWAY Reflex steps Control box Water temperature is below the setpoint. Signal passes from sensor to control box through the wire. Thermometer senses temperature decrease. 1 STIMULUS

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-25, steps 1–4 Control Pathways: Response Loop Thermometer Wire Water temperature is 25˚ C STIMULUS SENSOR or RECEPTOR AFFERENT PATHWAY INTEGRATING CENTER Water temperature is below the setpoint. Thermometer senses temperature decrease. Signal passes from sensor to control box through the wire. Control box is programmed to respond to temperature below 29 degrees. Reflex steps Control box

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-25, steps 1–5 Control Pathways: Response Loop Thermometer Wire Wire to heater Water temperature is 25˚ C STIMULUS SENSOR or RECEPTOR AFFERENT PATHWAY INTEGRATING CENTER EFFERENT PATHWAY Water temperature is below the setpoint. Thermometer senses temperature decrease. Signal passes through wire to heater. Signal passes from sensor to control box through the wire. Control box is programmed to respond to temperature below 29 degrees. Reflex steps Control box

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-25, steps 1–6 Control Pathways: Response Loop Thermometer Wire Heater Wire to heater Water temperature is 25˚ C STIMULUS SENSOR or RECEPTOR AFFERENT PATHWAY INTEGRATING CENTER EFFERENT PATHWAY TARGET OR EFFECTOR Water temperature is below the setpoint. Thermometer senses temperature decrease. Signal passes through wire to heater. Heater turns on. Signal passes from sensor to control box through the wire. Control box is programmed to respond to temperature below 29 degrees. Reflex steps Control box

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-25, steps 1–7 Control Pathways: Response Loop Thermometer Wire Water temperature increases to 30˚ C Heater Wire to heater Water temperature is 25˚ C STIMULUS SENSOR or RECEPTOR AFFERENT PATHWAY INTEGRATING CENTER EFFERENT PATHWAY TARGET OR EFFECTOR RESPONSE Water temperature is below the setpoint. Thermometer senses temperature decrease. Signal passes through wire to heater. Water temperature increases. Heater turns on. Signal passes from sensor to control box through the wire. Control box is programmed to respond to temperature below 29 degrees. Reflex steps Control box

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-26 Control Pathways: Setpoints Oscillation around the setpoint  Acclimatization refers to natural adaptation  Acclimation refers to induced adaptation

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-27a Control Pathways: Feedback Loops Negative and positive feedback Feedforward control refers to anticipatory responses

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-27b Control Pathways: Feedback Loops

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-29a Control Pathways: Setpoints Circadian rhythms

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-29b Control Pathways: Setpoints

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Control Systems: Speed and Specificity PropertyNeuralEndocrine SpecificitySingle targetMost cells Nature of signalElectrical  chemical Chemical SpeedRapidSlower DurationVery shortLonger Coding for stimulus intensity Intensity = frequency Intensity = amount of hormone

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-31 Control Pathways: Review Some basic patterns of neural, endocrine, and neuro- endocrine control pathways Stimulus T Simple neural reflex Receptor Afferent neuron CNS integrating center Efferent neuron Neuro- transmitter Target cell Response T Stimulus Neurohormone reflex Blood vessel Response Stimulus E T Endocrine integrating center Response Stimulus E Endocrine cells Neurohormone Neurotransmitter RRR E1E1 E2E2 R T R Stimulus Response Hormone #2 Response T Stimulus E R Response T Hormone R E S Stimulus Endocrine cell Receptor(sensor) Sensory neuron (afferent pathway) CNS or endocrine integrating center T Neurotransmitter Neurohormone Classic hormone Efferent neuron Target cell (effector) Efferent pathways KEY Neuroendocrine reflexes Simple endocrine reflex

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-31, step 1 Control Pathways: Review Stimulus T Simple neural reflex Receptor Afferent neuron CNS integrating center Efferent neuron Neuro- transmitter Target cell Response R R E S Stimulus Endocrine cell Receptor(sensor) Sensory neuron (afferent pathway) CNS or endocrine integrating center T Neurotransmitter Neurohormone Classic hormone Efferent neuron Target cell (effector) Efferent pathways KEY 1

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-31, steps 1–2 Control Pathways: Review Stimulus T Simple neural reflex Receptor Afferent neuron CNS integrating center Efferent neuron Neuro- transmitter Target cell Response T Stimulus Neurohormone reflex Blood vessel Response RR R E S Stimulus Endocrine cell Receptor(sensor) Sensory neuron (afferent pathway) CNS or endocrine integrating center T Neurotransmitter Neurohormone Classic hormone Efferent neuron Target cell (effector) Efferent pathways KEY 12

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-31, steps 1–3 Control Pathways: Review Stimulus T Simple neural reflex Receptor Afferent neuron CNS integrating center Efferent neuron Neuro- transmitter Target cell Response T Stimulus Neurohormone reflex Blood vessel Response Stimulus E T Endocrine integrating center Response RRR R E S Stimulus Endocrine cell Receptor(sensor) Sensory neuron (afferent pathway) CNS or endocrine integrating center T Neurotransmitter Neurohormone Classic hormone Efferent neuron Target cell (effector) Efferent pathways KEY Neuroendocrine reflexes 123

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-31, steps 1–4 Control Pathways: Review Stimulus T Simple neural reflex Receptor Afferent neuron CNS integrating center Efferent neuron Neuro- transmitter Target cell Response T Stimulus Neurohormone reflex Blood vessel Response Stimulus E T Endocrine integrating center Response Stimulus E Endocrine cells Neurohormone Neurotransmitter RRRR Response Hormone #2 T Hormone R E S Stimulus Endocrine cell Receptor(sensor) Sensory neuron (afferent pathway) CNS or endocrine integrating center T Neurotransmitter Neurohormone Classic hormone Efferent neuron Target cell (effector) Efferent pathways KEY Neuroendocrine reflexes 1234

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-31, steps 1–5 Control Pathways: Review Stimulus T Simple neural reflex Receptor Afferent neuron CNS integrating center Efferent neuron Neuro- transmitter Target cell Response T Stimulus Neurohormone reflex Blood vessel Response Stimulus E T Endocrine integrating center Response Stimulus E Endocrine cells Neurohormone Neurotransmitter RRR E1E1 E2E2 R T R Stimulus Response Hormone #2 Response T Hormone R E S Stimulus Endocrine cell Receptor(sensor) Sensory neuron (afferent pathway) CNS or endocrine integrating center T Neurotransmitter Neurohormone Classic hormone Efferent neuron Target cell (effector) Efferent pathways KEY Neuroendocrine reflexes 12345

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-31, steps 1–6 Control Pathways: Review Stimulus T Simple neural reflex Receptor Afferent neuron CNS integrating center Efferent neuron Neuro- transmitter Target cell Response T Stimulus Neurohormone reflex Blood vessel Response Stimulus E T Endocrine integrating center Response Stimulus E Endocrine cells Neurohormone Neurotransmitter RRR E1E1 E2E2 R T R Stimulus Response Hormone #2 Response T Stimulus E R Response T Hormone R E S Stimulus Endocrine cell Receptor(sensor) Sensory neuron (afferent pathway) CNS or endocrine integrating center T Neurotransmitter Neurohormone Classic hormone Efferent neuron Target cell (effector) Efferent pathways KEY Neuroendocrine reflexes Simple endocrine reflex

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary  Cell-to-cell communication  Electrical signals  Chemical signals  Four methods

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary  Signal pathways  Signal transduction  Amplification  Second messengers  Receptor-enzymes  G-proteins  Integrin  Ligand-gated ion channels

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary  Novel signal molecules  Calcium  NO  CO  Lipids  Modulation of signal pathways  Agonist versus antagonist  Up-regulation and down-regulation

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary  Control pathways  Cannon’s postulates  Local control  Reflex control  Feedback loops  Negative feedback  Positive feedback  Feedforward control  Circadian rhythms