Kinetic theory of matter, states of matter, temperature and thermal expansion. What do you smell?

2 ICE CUBE Why do you smell the chocolate? 6 C Scandium Te Tellerium La Lanthanum Ho Holmium Co Cobalt 59 What happens if we heat an ice cube in an empty beaker? If I continue to heat the liquid what happens? The water turns into a gas (evaporation) and leaves the container.

3 Chocolate Chocolate particles evaporate and diffuse throughout the room, some of which reach your nose. So when you smell something, those are the particles of that object traveling through the air and making physical contact with your nose, and that includes poop and farts. The Kinetic Theory of Matter says that the particles that were in someone's butt end up in your nose! YAY SCIENCE!!!

What Happens if I add a drop of food coloring to a glass of hot and cold water? Hot Water Cold Water 4

KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER All matter is made up of tiny little particles and those particles are always randomly moving. Temperature is related to the speed of the particles. – Higher temperature = faster moving and more energy. – Lower temperature = slower moving and less energy. ↑ Speed = ↑ Temperature ↓ Speed = ↓ Temperature 5

SOLIDLIQUIDGAS Shape Volume Particle Motion Arrangement 6

SOLIDLIQUIDGAS Shape Rigid with a definite or Fixed Shape. Takes the shape of its container Fills a container Volume Particle Motion Arrangement 7

SOLIDLIQUIDGAS Shape Rigid with a definite or Fixed Shape. Takes the shape of its container Fills a container Volume Definite Volume. Not compressible. Definite volume. Slightly compressible. Indefinite volume. Easily compressible (e.g. a balloon) Particle Motion Arrangement 8

SOLIDLIQUIDGAS Shape Rigid with a definite or Fixed Shape. Takes the shape of its container Fills a container Volume Definite Volume. Not compressible. Definite volume. Slightly compressible. Indefinite volume. Easily compressible (e.g. a balloon) Particle Motion Particles Vibrate but are generally locked into place. Particles slide past one another (liquids can flow) Move rapidly with very high energy. Arrangement 9

SOLIDLIQUIDGAS Shape Rigid with a definite or Fixed Shape. Takes the shape of its container Fills a container Volume Definite Volume. Not compressible. Definite volume. Slightly compressible. Indefinite volume. Easily compressible (e.g. a balloon) Particle Motion Particles Vibrate but are generally locked into place. Particles slide past one another (liquids can flow) Move rapidly with very high energy. Arrangement Very close together in an orderly arrangement Close together but not locked into an orderly arrangement. Particles are very far apart. 10

Let’s Model Particle Motion 11

12 Water is cramped as a solid. Water is lonely as a gas. Water parties/mingles as a liquid. Life as a water molecule!

13 SOLID LIQUI D GAS MELTING FREEZING EVAPORATION CONDENSATION SUBLIMATION DEPOSITION

Sublimation: Dry Ice or Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) turns directly into gas. Deposition. precipitation forms in clouds. Frost on grass. 14 Condensation: bathroom mirror, outside of a drink with ice. Evaporation: liquid to gas, steam sweating is a cooling process. 14

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Phase Change of Water Lab 16

THERMAL EXPANSION Erlenmeyer Flask Balloon 17 What Happens if I put a balloon over an Erlenmeyer Flask and put it on a hot plate/burner? Why?

Volume and Temperature When you heat a substance the particles move faster and the amount of space they take up increases. 18

Thermal Expansion 19 Heating a metal rod causes it to grow longer! The whole will get bigger if the metal is heated.

DENSITY CHANGES WITH TEMPERATURE If a solid object has a mass of 24g and a volume of 12cm 3, what is its density and what will happen if it is heated? If the object expands to a volume of 16cm 3 while being heated, what is its mass new density? Solid Block Heat The Solid Expands

Axe-Fire Demo Density Decreases as Temperature Increases Density Increases as Temperature Decreases Substances Expand when Heated Substances Contract when Cooled T↑ V↑ D↓ T↓ V↓ D↑ 21

Hot Air Balloon Flight Time 22

Power lines and Cars On hot days metal expands and power lines sag more than on cold days when they are tighter. 23

What would happen to a basketball if you put it inside a freezer? What is an expansion joint and why do bridges need them? Why do some bridges have roller bearings? What is rail buckling? If you put really hot water into a very cold glass, what might happen and why? Explain induction cooling or shrink fitting. Include a picture. How does a hot air balloon work? How does a thermometer work? Why do some airplanes get longer when they fly? What is a bimetallic strip Can you save money buying gas in the morning? 24 Thermal Expansion

↑ Speed = ↑ Temperature ↓ Speed = ↓ Temperature

How does a thermometer work? 26 1.A glass tube is filled with red colored alcohol because it expands and contracts easily (low vapor pressure). 2.As the temperature increases the molecules in the liquid move faster and expand filling the tube. 3.The glass will also expand but just a very small amount that is negligible. 4.We put markings on the side of the thermometer so we can measure how much the temperature changes by (calibration). 5.Temperature scales are arbitrary and comparative (man-made) 6.As the temperature cools the liquid contracts and drops down. Substances Expand when Heated Substances Contract when Cooled T↑ V↑ T↓ V↓

FAHRENHEIT Based on human body. ~100°F is the temperature of the human body 0°F is the coldest George Fahrenheit could chill brine to. Water: – Freezing point is 32°F – Boiling point is 212°F CELCIUS Built around water and most of the world uses it. Water: – 0°C is the freezing point – 100°C is the boiling point KELVIN scientific scale built on molecular motion. Absolute zero (0°K is the coldest possible temperature reachable and its where molecular motion stops. Water: – °K is the freezing point – °K is the boiling point °F°C °K Absolute Zero Freezing Point Room Temp. Boiling Point 0°K °K °K °K ° C 0°C 20°C 100°C212°F 32°F 68°F °F

Temperature Conversions Formulas ①While in Europe the weather man says it will reach 30°C. Should you wear a jacket? What temperature is that in Fahrenheit? ②A Turkish friend wants to bake you some Baklava and he needs to set your oven to 180°C. What temperature in Fahrenheit should he set the oven too? ③Coffee is brewed at about 91°C, what temperature is thi on the Kelvin scale? ④Covert 50°F into Kelvin! (two steps!) 1.Figure out which formula to use. 2.Plug in what you know. 3.Solve 1.Figure out which formula to use. 2.Plug in what you know. 3.Solve Temp.Alive or DeadWhy? 100°C 100°K 80°C 300°K

Temperature.Alive, Dead, Jacket or BeachWhy? (°F) -40°C 31°C 85°C 10°C 305°K 0°K °K 1.The number of cups in a gallon plus the number of teaspoons in a cup is the temperature in °F. Convert it into °C and °K 2.Mr. Sapone pushes you down a steep hill into a pond that has 4 alligators in it. Each alligator has 78 teeth. The total number of alligator teeth is the temperature in Fahrenheit. Convert it into °C and °K.

Calibrating a Thermometer Lab 30

Violating Kinetic Theory: Polarity of water What happens if you put a can of soda in the freezer and leave it there? Shouldn’t it contract (get smaller) as it cools? Why does it expand and explode? 31

ICE CUBE Did Mr. Sapone Lie? Ice is colder than water so shouldn’t it be more dense? Does Ice Sink in water? 32 Density Decreases as Temperature Increases Density Increases as Temperature Decreases Substances Expand when Heated Substances Contract when Cooled T↑ V↑ D↓ T↓ V↓ D↑ Density Decreases as Temperature Increases Density Increases as Temperature Decreases Substances Expand when Heated Substances Contract when Cooled T↑ V↑ D↓ T↓ V↓ D↑

Electrical Charges are like tiny magnets. Opposite Charges Attract ( + and - ) Like Charges Repel ( + and + or - and - ) 33 N S N S Opposites Poles Attract N S N S Like Poles Repulse

Water is A Polar Molecule! Water is one of the few known substances that doesn’t always contract as it gets colder. Water behaves normally most of the time but between 0°C and 4°C it behaves oddly because of its polarity. 34 Water has a + side and a – side!

35 O HH O HH + - Water Molecules are attracted to one another! O HH These bonds are weak when water has a lot of energy. As water gets colder and the molecules move slower these bonds stick

Water at 4°C will EXPAND when cooled until 0°C at which point it becomes ice. Likewise, as Ice at 0°C melts it CONTRACTS as it turns into a liquid. Water at 4°C will EXPAND when cooled until 0°C at which point it becomes ice. Likewise, as Ice at 0°C melts it CONTRACTS as it turns into a liquid °C 4°C 0°C -10°C Water behaves different but only in this range! (32F-40F) Water expands when heated Water contracts when cooled Water expands when heated Water contracts when cooled This is important for life as we know it on earth and explains why soda explodes in the freezer! Naked Science Video

Water as a Polar Molecule Phet Water SimulationPerform Polarity mini-Lab 37 Surface Tension Demo and Paper towels. Watch Closely.

Penny Drop Data Student# DropsStudent# DropsStudent# DropsStudent# Drops J. Medina73? 38