Mongolian People's Republic By ALIMAA TSAGAAN MONGOLIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE Country report

Mongolia is a landlocked country, which is sandwiched between Russia and China with vast territory, perfect ecosystem, and virgin land MAP OF MONGOLIA

THE LAND OF NOMADS Area: 1,566,500 sq. km. It is the 17 th largest country in the world. (land boundaries 8,114 km.). Lowest dentistry country in the world ( people per square km) Terrain: Almost 90% of land area is pasture or desert, of varying usefulness; 1% arable; 9% forested.

Climate Continental, marked by 4 seasons Average summer temperature: C Average winter temperature: C Average altitude: m above sea level

Population (2008) Religion Population is 3.0 million with annual growth of 2% Ethic groups: About - 86% Mongol (predominantly Khalkha), Turkic-10%, (largest group, Kazakh), Others -4% Languages: Mongolian, Kazakh, Russian, and English. Mongolia is young country with 80% of population is under the age of 35 Health : Infant mortality rate -41/1000 (under one year). Life expectancy male, 66.5 female Education: Years compulsory- 12 (provided free by the government). Literacy -98%. Approximately 45% of the total population live in the rural areas. Buddhist -86% Shamanist (idolater) and Christian -5% Islam - 9% (primarily in the southwest

Chinggis Khan and Mongol Empire

Government Type: Mixed parliamentary/presidential. Independence: gained in 1921; in 1990, democratic reform begun and shift from dependence on the former Soviet Union declared. Administrative subdivisions: 21 aimags (provinces) and tree cities).

Economy GDP growth (2008 est.): 9.9%. Per capita GDP in PPP (2008 est.): $3,300. Natural resources: Coal (thermal and metallurgical), copper, molybdenum, silver, iron, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold, uranium, and petroleum. Agricultural sector is produced 21.7% of the total GDP (80% is from livestock and 20% is from crop sector) Agriculture originated production is occurred 13% of the total export income (almost 100 % from livestock) Industry (36% of 2007 GDP, includes mining 27.4%, manufacturing 6.1%, and utilities (electricity, gas, and water) 2.5%): Types--Minerals (primarily copper and gold), animal-derived products, building materials, food/beverage.

Overview of the Agricultural sector The Mongolian agriculture sector has four discrete subsectors: (i)extensive livestock, which is the traditional semi-nomadic pastoral system, where camels, horses, cattle, sheep and goats are grazed together; (ii) mechanized large-area crop production of cereals and fodder crops; (iii) intensive farming, producing potatoes and other vegetables, with both mechanized and simple production methods; (iv) intensive livestock, with housed dairy cattle, pigs and poultry. The livestock sector dominates, contributing 84.9% of total agricultural production. 40% of the total labor force is worked in Agricultural sector

Livestock sector in Mongolia The number of livestock is estimated 40.0 million at the end of The families are herding livestock. Livestock husbandry is an important source of income, jobs and food security, and a means for rural households to invest and store their wealth. Total camels horse cattle sheep sheep goats goats

Crop production of Mongolia (2007)

RURAL ISSUES / PROBLEMS  Land locked.  Major parts in Rural Area  Low standards of living  Inadequate distribution and delivery of services and community facilities  Inadequate health care facility  Poor infrastructure  Poor management  Land degradation  Environmental degradation

Mission for Rural Development Strategy: To develop rural Mongolia into a prosperous and free of poverty place The mission stems from the essential needs of rural people to work and live in an environment, which is: -provided with equitable opportunities for each to realize his or her talents - sustainable - protected against any risks and vulnerabilities of natural, economic and social nature, and - capable of keeping a pace with economic and social transformations, globally and nationally

Goals for Rural Development Strategy Ensuring sustained growth of income for rural people, especially the poor Ensuring the delivery of quality social services to rural people Ensuring sustainable use of natural resources and environment

RDS goals shall be achieved through realizing the following strategies: Improving the management capability for rural development Livestock sector development strategy Crop sector development strategy Agricultural marketing and agribusiness development strategy Food safety strategy Rural non-farm sector development strategy Rural social development strategy Strategy for environmental protection and sustainable use of natural resources

Livestock Sector Development Strategy  In a world livestock market increasingly dominated by health and safety issues related to artificial feeds and advanced drugs Mongolia needs to fully realize its comparative advantage in the development of a high quality, low external input, environmentally clean livestock production.  Building risk management capability to protect the asset and incomes of herders and intensify livestock production in consideration of comparative advantages of regions  A participatory and bottom-up approach embodied in the extensive use community mobilization arrangements combined with a holistic approach shall be a key to achieving the livestock sector strategy.

Crop Sector Development Strategy  Maximizing domestic potentials of wheat production and minimizing risks associated with wheat and flour imports: Enhance research, pilot and extension capacities on new technologies and plant varieties.  Promoting production and processing of potato, vegetable ands fruits under Green Revolution Program Organic sea buckthorn

Rural Social Development  Increasing participation and autonomy of local governments and rural people in social development planning and implementation  Reaching remote rural areas and pro-poor social services  Rural Education  Rural Health  Rural Employment  Rural Social Protection  Gender

Environmental protection and Sustainable Use of Natural Resources  Mongolia has a quite well developed legal environment for environmental protection, however, the laws and regulations are not adequately implemented.  Ensuring sustainable use of land and other natural resources by transferring tenure rights to formal and informal groups of local people is a key objective in environmental protection and natural resource management  Ensuring the quality and availability of water for rural people and production

Rural Infrastructure Development Increasing participation and autonomy of local governments and rural people in rural infrastructure development planning and implementation Improving accesses to markets and services by ensuring the uninterrupted operation of rural roads that are crucial for rural development Improve the supply of energy in rural areas, focus on renewable energy sources in supplying the energy to mobile herders Improve the rural telecommunication and postal services thus ensure the delivery of information, especially in remote areas

Vegetable cultivation irrigation Handcraft production Milking horse

Milking yak

Kop Koon Kaa