The Cold War in the Middle East, Young & Kent: International Relations since 1945

The Palestine Mandate and the Creation of Israel Palestine and the British evacuation failures of past British policy - roles of the US and the UN The civil war the key issues of land and immigration The Arab states invasion May 1948 and the first Arab-Israeli War

The Cold War role of the West and Hot War Preparations The British Suez base - Britain and operational and strategic planning for the defence of the Middle East The Iranian Crisis oil and Mussadiq The British and American responses to Arab and Iranian nationalism

France and the North Africa Protecorates The weakening of French rule in the 1940s The development of the nationalist struggle in Morocco the French exile of Mohammed V 1953 The role of moderate nationalism in Tunisia Bourguiba, Mendes-France and the Carthage Declaration 1954 International pressures, self-government and independence

France and Algeria The place of Algeria in the French Union and the role of the colons - the failure of reform a) Messali Hadj b) Ferhat Abbas The 1954 armed uprising and the FLN The international dimensions of the growing crisis - the role of Egypt and the Arab League - Sakiet and Tunisia The weakness of the French republic and the return of De Gaulle the Committee of Public Safety and the role of the military - De Gaulle and the colons The road to the Evian agreement - bloody nature of the fighting - the 1961 coup and the Organisation de l’Armee Secrete

Suez and the US replacement of British power, The emergence of Nasser, plan Alpha and the attempt to settle the Arab–Israeli conflict Egyptian nationalism and the British military role Cold War and the crises produced by the Baghdad Pact the American role - the contradictions of the Baghdad Pact and its opponents The Suez Crisis - Plan Omega and the causes of the nationalization of the Canal Company - Eden, and the conflict with Eisenhower The Suez Operation The Eisenhower Doctrine - the Iraq coup - the reactions in Jordan and Lebanon

The Middle East in the 1960s The establishment of the United Arab Republic President Kennedy and Nasser - US economic aid to Egypt and the Palestinian problem - Saudi Arabia and the war in the Yemen The British decision to leave Aden The rise of Syrian radicalism the nature of the Ba’ath party The creation of the Palestinian Liberation Organisation

The medium term causes of the Six Day War, 1967 Israeli fears and ambitions - the destruction of Palestinian armed resistance - greater military and deterrent capability through acquiring nuclear weapons - the further expansion of Israel to the Jordan River - the Johnson Plan and securing adequate water supplies Palestinian fears and ambitions -the militarization and cross border raids of radical groups within the PLO a) Habash and the PFLP b) Arafat and the military wing of Al Fatah - the destruction of the Israeli state - the Johnson Plan and the loss of water from the Jordan River The February 1966 Syrian coup

The short term causes of the Six Day War Israeli-Syrian armed clashes in the Demilitarized Zone and around the Sea of Galilee The rhetoric from Jewish and Arab leaders The shooting down of Syrian military aircraft Nasser requesting the partial withdrawal of the UN peacekeeping forces in Sinai The UN insistence on either leaving the entire force or withdrawing it The Egyptian closure of the Straits of Tiran The unannounced Israeli air strike to destroy Egyptian planes on the ground

The aftermath of the 1967 war The Arab Israeli conflict becomes more of a Palestinian-Israeli one - reduced roles of the Arab states - the Arab summit problems - the closure of the Suez Canal UN Resolution 242 and ‘land for peace’ - the nature of and reasons for: a) the Israeli rejection b) the Arab rejection The War of Attrition - military raids - the Rogers Plan difficulties of the ceasefire negotiations The Jordan Crisis of the growing refugee problem - the PFLP hijacking - impact on Hussein’s regime - Syrian military action - role of the Soviets and the Israelis in the international response

The regional situation 1970 Anwar Sadat becomes Egyptian president on Nasser’s death - the weakness of Egypt and Arab nationalism - the nature of Arab and Israeli intransigence Saddam Hussein and the Ba’ath coup his road to power Sadat’s objectives with Syria and Israel

The role of the Soviet Union Supply of arms to Egypt and Syria 1971 treaty with Egypt Soviet aims in the Middle East -tradition of cautious ambition 1972 expulsion of Soviet advisers from Egypt - failure to support Sadat’s aims - refusal to supply Egypt with advanced weaponry

The 1973 War Sadat’s war aims - the regaining of Egyptian pride by the purging of the 1967 defeat - the linkages to domestic economic reform and US economic aid Military outcome - successful Egyptian crossing of the Canal - US aid to Israel and the turning of the tide - surrounding the Egyptian third Army Key points of Kissinger’s initial diplomacy - keeping the Soviet Union out of the Middle East peace process - ensuring an Israeli recovery but preventing an Egyptian humiliation - the high level nuclear alert issue and Soviet caution Confirmation of the ceasefire and Kissinger’s shuttle diplomacy - Key issues under Nixon and Ford: a) terms for prisoners and disengagement b) recognition of Israel by Egypt and Syria and the PLO by Israel c) re-opening of the Canal d) arrangements for a comprehensive peace conference