1 Light Light Mike Maloney Physics, SHS

© 2003 Mike Maloney2 Light What is LIGHT? WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?

© 2003 Mike Maloney3 What is Light? Light is a wave, or rather acts like a wave. How do we know since we cannot see it? We can detect how it acts through … –Reflection –Refraction –Dispersion –Diffraction –Interference –Polarization

© 2003 Mike Maloney4 What is Light Light is a special type of wave What we know as VISIBLE LIGHT is actually a type of something called ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION. So, what is electromagnetic radiation and what are electromagnetic waves? Do you know any other types?electromagnetic waves

© 2003 Mike Maloney5 Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic waves are everywhere. Light is only a small part of them –Radios –TVs –Microwaves –Light ( Visible/UV/InfraRed ) –Radiation –Lasers –Tanning Huts –X-Rays

© 2003 Mike Maloney6 Electromagnetic Waves Where do these waves come from? When something releases energy it also emits radiation. Depending on the amount of energy, the object will emit different types of electromagnetic radiation. But what is creating the disturbance? What is emitting this energy? ELECTRONS, oscillating electrons!

© 2003 Mike Maloney7 Electromagnetic Waves Electrons in materials are vibrated and emit energy in the form of photons, which propagate across the universe.Electrons in materials are vibrated and emit energy – ves_particles/wavpart4.htmlhttp:// ves_particles/wavpart4.html Photons have no mass, but are pure quantized packets of energy. Electromagnetic Waves are waves that are made up of these “photons”. When these photons come in contact with boundaries, E-M waves interact like other waves would.

© 2003 Mike Maloney8 Electromagnetic Waves When we studied mechanical waves, they were all transferred through a medium. What medium is light transferred through? LIGHT DOES NOT NEED ONE! Electromagnetic waves are special in the fact that they do not need a medium to propagate through. Then what is oscillating through space? –SPACE ITSELF!SPACE ITSELF

© 2003 Mike Maloney9 Electromagnetic Spectrum

© 2003 Mike Maloney10 What creates the different types? gamma rays are produced by radioactive decay and nuclear processes. X-rays are produced by decelerating electrons. ultraviolet (UV), visible, and infrared (IR) waves are produced by electron transitions and by vibrating atoms and molecules. Microwaves, radio and TV waves are produced by charges accelerated in antennas. waves with even lower energy are known as long waves, because of their very long wavelength

© 2003 Mike Maloney11 How do they affect us? Electromagnetic waves can have a number of different interactions with the human body: Gamma rays and X-rays are known as ionizing radiation. They can cause chemical changes as well as mutations of DNA. (remember the vest they put on you when you get an XRAY) Ultraviolet light is associated with suntans, sunburns, and cataracts and can damage cells. Rods and cones in our eyes are sensitive to visible light, which is why we can see. Heat sensors in our skin can detect infrared waves which is why we can tell if stuff is hot. We're not particularly sensitive to EM waves with longer wavelengths than infrared.

© 2003 Mike Maloney12 Speed of E/M Waves From last chapter, we found that –V = f * We also said that the speed of a wave in a certain medium is always constant. It has been found that the speed of E-M waves and light in a vacuum is –3 x 10 8 or 300,000,000 m/s –671,000,000 mph –186,000 miles per second –We call this value “c”

© 2003 Mike Maloney13 c = f * C is constant throughout the universe, as long as light is in a vacuum. When it is in other materials, c can change, but can never be larger than its value in a vacuum. Since “c” is constant, all of E-M waves will have a corresponding frequency to go along with their wavelength. Lets find the corresponding frequency ranges for a few of the groups of E-M waves.find the corresponding frequency ranges

© 2003 Mike Maloney14 Energy in E-M Waves Which waves do you think have more energy, Radio waves or gamma waves? Radio wavesgamma waves Because waves don’t really have a mass, we can’t really talk about their energy like mechanical waves. The greater the frequency of an E-M wave, the more crests pass a point in a certain amount of time, therefore the more photons pass that point. Which means More energy moves past that point in a certain amount of time or the wave is more energetic. We can even find out how much energy each of those wiggling photons has  E = h * f, where h is Plank’s constant.. but don’t worry you won’t need to know this until next year, now just knowing that higher frequency light has more energy is good enough. HANG ON A SECOND?!HANG ON A SECOND

© 2003 Mike Maloney15 Electromagnetic Spectrum Let’s Talk about some of these again…Talk about some of these

© 2003 Mike Maloney16 Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic waves are everywhere. Light is only a small part of them –Radios –TVs –Microwaves –Light ( Visible/UV/InfraRed ) –Radiation –Lasers –Tanning Huts –X-Rays What makes some of these dangerous?

© 2003 Mike Maloney17 Back to Light There seem to me an incredible about of light in the universe that we don’t even notice. So, why can we only see a small portion of these E-M waves?

© 2003 Mike Maloney18 Our Eyes

© 2003 Mike Maloney19 Visible Light We now know what we see is part of the electromagnetic spectrum. We know that the light waves enter our eye, and stimulate parts of it that cause a electrical impulse to be sent to the brain which creates this visual image. But everything does not emit EM radiation. How do we see my shirt? And why can we barely see a window?

© 2003 Mike Maloney20 Seeing things We know that when waves run into a boundary they are partially transmitted and partially reflected. Light behaves as a wave, so it too is reflected. Therefore, an object does not need to emit photons itself to be seen, it just has to reflect light back to our eyes where we can detect it. Objects that do not allow light to pass through them are called opaque. Objects that allow light to pass through them are considered transparent. Objects in between are called translucent.

© 2003 Mike Maloney21 Polarization Another reason we know light is a wave it because it can be polarized. Polarization is a phenomenon of light that is used in sun-glasses and 3-D movies. Play with the two polarizing filters for a few minutes and note what is happening and see if you can think of any reasons for it. Think about the following: –What happens to the strength of the light when it goes through one polarizer. –What about two or three?

© 2003 Mike Maloney22 Polarization Hint Light vibrates in all directions. A polarizing filter acts like a picket fence. It only lets certain direction vibrations pass through it. Therefore, if you pass light through two of them you can completely block the light from passing through. HOW?

© 2003 Mike Maloney23 Polarization

© 2003 Mike Maloney24 ColorColor Different objects may emit different wavelengths of E-M radiation, so we would see that light as different colors. But why do we see colors in objects that reflect light? If you shine a white light on my clothes, and it gets reflected why doesn’t all of my clothes appear white? When I shine white light through a colored piece of plastic, why does it change color?

© 2003 Mike Maloney25 ColorColor The light we see is know as visible or white light – although it is not that simple. The light is not really white, the white we see is a combination of all the colors of the rainbow. Remember R-O-Y G. B-I-V from art class. When all of these light waves are combined we see white light.all of these

© 2003 Mike Maloney26 Color Reflection So if we see something as WHITE, that means … –It reflected back all the wavelengths of light to our eyeswavelengths of light If we see something as RED or BLUE –It reflected only the RED or only the BLUE wavelengths –The others were absorbed. And if we see something as black ? –It did not reflect back any of the light.

© 2003 Mike Maloney27 Color Transmission Filters work in a similar way. They control what wavelengths of light leave a material. control what wavelengths –RED filters only let RED light thru. –BLUE let only BLUE light thru. What do you think that UV sticker means on your sunglasses? Why do they sell those orange glasses that are supposed to reduce glare?

© 2003 Mike Maloney28 Some Sweet Color Tricks Combining color lights Combining colors in art class How does color printing work?color printing work What color is your shirt really?color is your shirt Why is the sky blue?sky blue Why are sunsets red?sunsets red Why is water greenish-blue?water greenish-blue How does a greenhouse work?greenhouse work InfraRed, that’s HOT How does 3-D work?How does 3-D work Why does a CD reflect a rainbow? How does Phosphorescence (blacklight) work? How can you help people who are color blind? -- Doppler Effect / Red shift of stars Lasers

© 2003 Mike Maloney29 Flux We now know how light behaves, but we must measure how strong it is. The rate at which a source emits light is called the LUMINOUS FLUX (P). ( greek or latin for light flow ) What do you think this is measured in? What are light bulbs measured in.light bulbs measured in LUMINOUS FLUX (P) is actually measured in something called a lumen (lm). A typical 100-W bulb emits about 1500 lm.

© 2003 Mike Maloney30 Illuminance Flux is the total of all the light that is emitted from a source. This is not very useful, often we would like to know how much of that light is hitting a surface at some point. The illumination of a surface is called illuminance, E. It is measured in lumens per square meter, lm/m 2

© 2003 Mike Maloney31 Illuminance How do you think illuminance is affected when the object moves away from the source? –Right the illuminance decreases So what would you expect an equation to look like for E in terms of P and the distance away d? –Close for an expanding sphere of light, it is E = P 4d24d2 Where did the 4  d 2 come from?

© 2003 Mike Maloney32

© 2003 Mike Maloney33 Electromagnetic Spectrum BACK

© 2003 Mike Maloney34 Visible Light Spectrum BACK Short wavelength High Frequency Long wavelength Low Frequency

© 2003 Mike Maloney35 Excited Electrons 1.The atom is normal. 2.The electron absorbs a packet of energy. 3.Because of the excess energy, the electron must move to a higher energy level. 4.The atom is now "excited". 5.The electron immediately drops back to its normal energy level. 6.To do this, the electron releases the excess energy in the form of a photon. 7. Light is produced. BACK

© 2003 Mike Maloney36 Combining Colored Lights Also known as color addition. When you combine light colors from different sources, you add that color to the light that gets reflected to our eyes. If you add two complimentary colors, such as blue and yellow, or green and magenta, or red and cyan, you end up with white light. BACK

© 2003 Mike Maloney37 Combining Colored Pigments Also known as color subtraction. When you combine pigment colors, as you do when mixing paints, you end up subtracting colors that get reflected to our eyes. If you add two complimentary color pigments, such as blue and orange, or green and magenta, you end up with black, because all colors end up absorbed. The same is true if you filter colors from a source. If you have a white source, and you first filter with blue then with orange, almost all the light will be blocked. BACK

© 2003 Mike Maloney38 Why is the Sky Blue? As light moves through the atmosphere, most of the longer wavelengths pass straight through. Little of the red, orange and yellow light is affected by the air. However, much of the shorter wavelength light is absorbed by the gas molecules. The absorbed blue light is then radiated in different directions. It gets scattered all around the sky. Whichever direction you look, some of this scattered blue light reaches you. Since you see the blue light from everywhere overhead, the sky looks blue. BACK

© 2003 Mike Maloney39 Why is the Sunset Red? As the sun begins to set, the light must travel farther through the atmosphere before it gets to you. More of the light is reflected and scattered. As less reaches you directly, the sun appears less bright. The color of the sun itself appears to change, first to orange and then to red. This is because even more of the short wavelength blues and greens are now scattered. Only the longer wavelengths are left in the direct beam that reaches your eyes. The sky around the setting sun may take on many colors. The most spectacular shows occur when the air contains many small particles of dust or water. These particles reflect light in all directions. Then, as some of the light heads towards you, different amounts of the shorter wavelength colors are scattered out. You see the longer wavelengths, and the sky appears red, pink or orange. BACK

© 2003 Mike Maloney40 What color is your shirt really? BACK You are wearing a white shirt. What color is it really? Is it always white? The color of something depends on what type of light it is reflecting. A “white” shirt in blue light looks blue not white. What would a pure RED shirt look like in pure BLUE light? –BLACK

© 2003 Mike Maloney41 Why is Water Blue? It absorbs the reds, yellows and greens allowing only the blues and purples to pass thru to reach our eyes. It IS NOT just a reflection of the sky. BACK

© 2003 Mike Maloney42 BACK

© 2003 Mike Maloney43 3-D BACK Check out s/stu_events/00_3D/3D.html Thanks Elizabeth!

© 2003 Mike Maloney44 Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation Laser light is very different from normal light. The light released is monochromatic. It contains one specific wavelength of light (one specific color). The wavelength of light is determined by the amount of energy released when the electron drops to a lower orbit. The light released is coherent. It is “organized” -- each photon moves in step with the others. This means that all of the photons have wave fronts that launch in unison. The light is very directional. A laser light has a very tight beam and is very strong and concentrated. A flashlight, on the other hand, releases light in many directions, and the light is very weak and diffuse. BACK

© 2003 Mike Maloney45 Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation Lets see more detail of a ruby laserLets see more detail of a ruby laser BACK Lets see more detail of a ruby laserLets see more detail of a ruby laser

© 2003 Mike Maloney46 Doppler Effect and Color Shifts The radiation emitted by an object moving toward an observer is squeezed – its pulses are pushed closer together; its frequency appears to increase and is therefore said to be blueshifted because it moves towards the blue end of the light spectrum. In contrast, the radiation emitted by an object moving away is stretched or redshifted. Blueshifts and redshifts exhibited by stars, galaxies and gas clouds also indicate their motions with respect to the observer. See the animation BACK

© 2003 Mike Maloney47 BACK

© 2003 Mike Maloney48 Greenhouses Greenhouses work on the same principle that the Mythbusters used to beat the IR camera. Think glass allows visible light to pass through, but does not allow IR light to pass through. The energy in the sunlight in the form of visible light can get in to feed the plants. The plants then radiate IR energy in the form of heat, like all living things. This IR radiation gets reflected when it tries to pass through the glass. The energy is trapped, and the greenhouse stays warm. BACK