Jorge G. Aristotelidis Attorney at Law 310 South St. Marys St. Suite 1830 San Antonio, Texas

The United States Supreme Court has extended the right to counsel, under the Sixth Amendment, first established in Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963), to minors in state juvenile delinquency proceedings. In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967); Lanes v. State, 767 S.W.2d 789 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989).

The right to representation includes the right to effective assistance of counsel. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686 (1984). See In re K.J.O., 27 S.W.3d 340, 342 (Tex. App. – Dallas 2000)(citing several Texas appellate courts recognizing this right in juvenile proceedings).

Juveniles are entitled to effective assistance of counsel, and such a claim should be reviewed under the Strickland standard. The right to representation includes the right to effective assistance of counsel. In re R.D.B., 102 S.W.3d 798, 800 (Tex. App. – Fort Worth 2003),

Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356 (2010). Information from USSC website: Name=/docketfiles/ htm

[Recent] changes to our immigration law have dramatically raised the stakes of a noncitizen’s criminal conviction. The importance of accurate legal advice for noncitizens accused of crimes has never been more important. These changes confirm our view that, as a matter of federal law, deportation is an integral part— indeed, sometimes the most important part [] —of the penalty that may be imposed on noncitizen defendants who plead guilty to specified crimes. Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356 at *6 (2010).

We…have never applied a distinction between direct and collateral consequences to define the scope of constitutionally “reasonable professional assistance” required under Strickland, v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, at 689 (1984). Whether that distinction is appropriate is a question we need not consider in this case because of the unique nature of deportation. Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356 at *8 (2010).

The collateral versus direct distinction is thus ill-suited to evaluating a Strickland claim concerning the specific risk of deportation. Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356 at *8-9 (2010).

Immigration law can be complex, and it is a legal specialty of its own. Some members of the bar who represent clients facing criminal charges, in either state or federal court or both, may not be well versed in it. There will, therefore, undoubtedly be numerous situations in which the deportation consequences of a particular plea are unclear or uncertain. [In cases where the law is not succinct and straightforward, the duty of the private practitioner…is more limited]. [A] criminal defense attorney need do no more than advise a noncitizen client that pending criminal charges may carry a risk of adverse immigration consequences. [] Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356 at *11-12 (2010).

But when the deportation consequence is truly clear, as it was in [Padilla’s case], the duty to give correct advice is equally clear. Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356 at *12 (2010).

Padilla’s holding is not retroactive to convictions that became final before its publication (March 31, 2010). A failure to advise in these cases is therefore not grounds for post-conviction relief. Chaidez v. United States, 133 S. Ct at 1112 (2013).

However, Counsel may be ineffective for rendering affirmative misadvise to the client, in accordance with state precedent, regardless of when the affirmative misadvice was given. Chaidez v. United States, 133 S. Ct (2013).

Affirmative misadvice by counsel regarding a material issue that the plea hearing reflects was key to the defendant’s plea decision may constitute deficient performance. Ex parte Arjona, 402 S.W.3d 312 (Tex. App. – Beaumont 2013).

Juvenile adjudications are not convictions for immigration purposes. Matter of Devison, 22 I&N Dec (BIA 2000)(en banc)(holding that this rule was not changed by the 1996 enactment of a statutory definition of a conviction at INA § 101(a)(48)(A)), citing to Matter of C.M., 5 I&N Dec. 27 (BIA 1953), Matter of Ramirez- Rivero, 18 I&N Dec. 135 (BIA 1981).

Indeterminate and Determinate sentencings are juvenile adjudications, and thus, are not convictions for immigration purposes.

But, juvenile adjudications can trigger “conduct based” grounds of inadmissibility and deportation for noncitizen clients, which can eliminate the means to obtain or keep lawful immigration status and result in deportation.

Juvenile defendants might be found inadmissible or deportable if immigration authorities have evidence that the person engaged in prostitution, made a false claim to citizenship, used false immigration or citizenship documents, smuggled aliens, is (or was) a drug addict or abuser, admits certain drug or moral turpitude offenses, and, especially, if the government has “reason to believe” the person ever has been or abetted a drug trafficker.

 The term “conviction” means, with respect to an alien, a formal judgment of guilt of the alien entered by a court or, if adjudication of guilt has been withheld, where--  a judge or jury has found the alien guilty or the alien has entered a plea of guilty or nolo contendere or has admitted sufficient facts to warrant a finding of guilt, and  the judge has ordered some form of punishment, penalty, or restraint on the alien's liberty to be imposed.  See 8 USCS § 1101(a)(48)(A).

A juvenile alien prosecuted by the State as an adult suffers immigration consequences, as would an adult. Vieira Garcia v. INS, 239 F.3d 409, 413 (1st Cir.2001) (“Once adjudicated by the state court, as either a juvenile or an adult, we are bound by that determination.”); Vargas- Hernandez v. Gonzales, 497 F.3d 919, 923 (9th Cir.2007) (finding state treatment of petitioner as adult determinative).

 Duty to Warn vs. Affirmative Misrepresentation?  NO LONGER RELEVANT DISTINCTION

 “I am not an immigration attorney, so you need to consult with one regarding your status in connection with your plea.”  No longer sufficient on its own to discharge Padilla duty, but…  IT’S A GOOD STARTING POINT.  Get opinion IN WRITING.

 Speak to an EXPERIENCED or BOARD CERTIFIED immigration lawyer who handles REMOVAL LITIGATION, about meeting with client; AND  Request a memorandum of law as it applies to client’s case; AND  Learn the provisions and their effect on your client’s case from the immigration lawyer, well-enough to explain them during plea hearing.

 May force a lawyer to proceed to trial in the particular case, which;  May influence the prosecutor to make alternative plea offer(s), once it is clear that the client has no choice but to proceed to trial to have any chance of obtaining or salvaging their immigration status.

By bringing deportation consequences into th[e plea bargaining] process, the defense and prosecution may well be able to reach agreements that better satisfy the interests of both parties… Counsel who possess the most rudimentary understanding of the deportation consequences of a particular criminal offense may be able to plea bargain creatively with the prosecutor in order to craft a conviction and sentence that reduce the likelihood of deportation, as by avoiding a conviction for an offense that automatically triggers the removal consequence. At the same time, the threat of deportation may provide the defendant with a powerful incentive to plead guilty to an offense that does not mandate that penalty in exchange for a dismissal of a charge that does. Padilla, at *16

 The end of same day (morning) pleas in criminal cases for non- citizens?;  Opens the door to requests for appointment of an immigration expert for indigent criminal defendants.

 The Supreme Court recognizes that due process requires access to the raw materials integral to the building of an effective defense.  While the State need not “purchase for an indigent defendant all the assistance that his wealthier counterparts might buy,” it must provide him the basic tools to present his defense within our adversarial system. Rey v. State, 897 S.W.2d 333, 337 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995)(citing Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68 at 77 (1985).

1. The first factor is the defendant’s interest in the accuracy of the criminal proceeding against him (weights heavily in the analysis). 2. The second factor is the State’s interest in having a fair and accurate adjudication of criminal cases without wasteful or unnecessary expenditures of state funds. Ake applies to non-psychiatric experts such as pathologists, investigators and DNA analysts (not substantial in the analysis). 3. The third factor simply requires the court to evaluate the probable value of the assistance of the expert sought and the risk of error if such assistance is denied (most important element in the analysis) See Rey at 346 (citing Ake at 78).

Ake is not limited to psychiatric experts; but the type of expert requested is relevant to the determination of whether the trial was fundamentally unfair without the expert's assistance. The nature of an expert's field and the importance and complexity of the issue will bear directly upon whether the appointment of an expert will be helpful. Rey v. State, 897 S.W.2d 333, 337 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995).

If any reasonable attorney appointed to represent an indigent defendant would be expected to investigate and request expert assistance to determine a deceased infant’s cause of death, a privately retained attorney should be held to no lower standard. As the Supreme Court has explained, “The vital guarantee of the Sixth Amendment would stand for little if the often uninformed decision to retain a particular lawyer could reduce or forfeit the defendant's entitlement to constitutional protection... We see no basis for drawing a distinction between retained and appointed counsel that would deny equal justice to defendants who must choose their own lawyers.” Ex Parte Briggs, 187 S.W.3d 458, 469 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).

 The obligation of all Courts is to ensure that plea is voluntary in accordance with the Due Process Clause of the 5 th Amendment to the United States Constitution (as made applicable to Texas by the 14 th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution). The current and generally recognized admonishments require that a defendant understand that by pleading guilty, he/she waives :  The right to a jury trial;  The right to confront (cross-examine) one’s accusers at trial;  The privilege against compelled self-incrimination (right to remain silent); and to ensure  That the plea is not induced by “terror (i.e. coercion).” See Gardner v. State, 164 S.W.3d 393, (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)(citing Boykin v. Alabama, 89 S. Ct (1969).

“ …juvenile delinquency proceedings which may lead to commitment in a state institution must measure up to the essentials of due process and fair treatment. Specifically required [include]: [N]otification to the child and his parents of the child's right to be represented by counsel retained by them, or if they are unable to afford counsel, that counsel will be appointed to represent the child…” Landry v. State, 504 S.W.2d 580, (Tex. App. – Beaumont 1973) (citing re Gault, generally).

In re Gault [] was the grandfather case that activated a constitutional revolution wherein the juvenile system became subject to due process domestication. Includes the right to “counsel…” Lanes, at

 Art (a)(4) Tex. Code Crim. Pro. warning by Court during plea:  “…if the defendant is not a citizen of the United States of America, a plea of guilty or nolo contendere for the offense charged may result in deportation, the exclusion from admission to this country or the denial of naturalization under federal law.”

Section 54.03(b): trial court shall explain during juvenile adjudication hearing: (1) the allegations made against the child; (2) the nature and possible consequences of the proceedings, including the law relating to the admissibility of the record of a juvenile court adjudication in a criminal proceeding; (3) the child's privilege against self-incrimination; (4) the child's right to trial and to confrontation of witnesses; (5) the child's right to representation by an attorney if he is not already represented; and (6) the child's right to trial by jury.

 Section 54.03(b);  Does not contain an immigration warning;  In re E.J.G.P., 5 S.W.3d 868 (Tex. App. – El Paso 1999) (failure to warn of possible deportation, deemed a collateral consequence, did not render a juvenile plea involuntary).  NO LONGER GOOD LAW

 Section 54.03(b);  Under Texas precedent, failure to properly explain these warnings constitutes fundamental error invalidating the plea.

 None required under Padilla’s Sixth Amendment, effective assistance holding. However:  Trial court has obligation to ensure that plea is voluntary under the Due Process Clause, in a juvenile proceeding.

Now that immigration advice is a requirement of effective assistance, the Court is required to ask about a lawyer’s advice on the immigration consequence, in order to ensure the voluntariness of a plea.

1. Lawyers have a tendency to gloss over written warnings; 2. Lawyer more mindful of obligation if matter is discussed on the record. 3. PUT THE LAWYER ON THE SPOT! If the attorney doesn’t know, it will come back eventually as a writ proceeding, and the case will clog your docket!

1. ASK THE DEFENDANT – NOT THE ATTORNEY, whether the attorney has discussed the immigration consequences of plea with them; and 2. ASK THE ATTORNEY, what the specific consequences of the plea are on the client’s immigration status. 3. If they don’t know, reset the case.

1. If concerned about divulging attorney client communications that may be relayed to immigration authorities: 2. Submit memorandum on subject of client’s immigration consequences with the court, EX PARTE, and UNDER SEAL.

In Padilla, the Supreme Court has now recognized a non-citizen juvenile defendant’s right to be advised by their attorney of the immigration consequences of a plea of guilty. A diligent effort by the attorney and a watchful and proactive role by an attentive judge will ensure that the client can make an informed, and voluntary decision when pleading, and that the matter does not return to Court in a post-conviction proceeding.