Perlaksanaan Polisi

Setelah memutuskan instrumen polisi….. BimbinganBimbingan KewanganKewangan Aktiviti/pelan tindakanAktiviti/pelan tindakan PerundanganPerundangan

Perlaksanaan Polisi Perlaksanaan merujuk kepada perlaksanaan dasar awam Antara faktor yang mempengaruhi perlaksanaan polisi: - kapasiti pihak-pihak terlibat (pihak pentadbir, agensi dll) untuk melaksanakan dasar yang telah ditetapkan. - dinamika kumpulan samada kumpulan informal, parti pembangkang dan sebagainya. - sokongan pihak pemerintah.Perlaksanaan merujuk kepada perlaksanaan dasar awam Antara faktor yang mempengaruhi perlaksanaan polisi: - kapasiti pihak-pihak terlibat (pihak pentadbir, agensi dll) untuk melaksanakan dasar yang telah ditetapkan. - dinamika kumpulan samada kumpulan informal, parti pembangkang dan sebagainya. - sokongan pihak pemerintah.

POLICY IMPLEMENTATION Perlaksanaan Berterusan Penghakisan Secara Perlahan Pertambahan Kumulatif Pembaharuan

Perlaksanaan Polisi Berterusan Polisi yang berjaya dan masih dilaksanakan.Polisi yang berjaya dan masih dilaksanakan. Wawasan 2020: Menjadikan Malaysia sebuah negara maju sepenuhnya pada tahun 2020Wawasan 2020: Menjadikan Malaysia sebuah negara maju sepenuhnya pada tahun 2020 Starting Point: 1991 Current:

Penghakisan Secara Perlahan Polisi yang pada mulanya berjaya tetapi akhirnya gagal secara perlahan.Polisi yang pada mulanya berjaya tetapi akhirnya gagal secara perlahan. Seperti Bunga Api

Contoh: Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) Project A national policy towards ICT Launched in 1996 To gear Malaysian economy rapidly into the digital age To bridge the digital divide (within Malaysia & between countries)

Declining Policy Implementation Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) Project Creation of Cyberjaya & Putrajaya ‘Smart Cities’ Work electronically IT Nirvana…Malaysians & foreigners work hand in hand in hand for multimedia developments

BUT Asian financial crisis 1997 – 1998Asian financial crisis 1997 – 1998 The political struggle btwn Dr. M and AnwarThe political struggle btwn Dr. M and Anwar Cause capital flight from AsiaCause capital flight from Asia Yes..internet users increase, but the MSC project was not as successful as it was envisioned to be. Yes..internet users increase, but the MSC project was not as successful as it was envisioned to be.

Cumulative Policy Implementation Starts of small and ends up big…Starts of small and ends up big…

Cumulative Policy Implementation

Revived Policy Implementation A policy that begins to shutter but was saved by certain changes (environmental or support)A policy that begins to shutter but was saved by certain changes (environmental or support) PERTANIAN

2 Phases of Policy Implementation Law : rules and laws are created so that policy could be implemented.Law : rules and laws are created so that policy could be implemented. Action : All the programs and activities carried out by responsible agents/institutionsAction : All the programs and activities carried out by responsible agents/institutions to realize the policy to realize the policy

Key Tasks for Implementation Planning Responsible agentsResponsible agents Timeline: Determine when the policy goal should be achieved –short, long, medium..Timeline: Determine when the policy goal should be achieved –short, long, medium.. Promotion to target groupsPromotion to target groups Assure mechanism of accountabilityAssure mechanism of accountability EvaluationEvaluation

Responsible Agents Key tasks EstablishingOrganizationalOwnershipIssue Which department? Which agency? Criteria Issue definition Origin of policy problem Past ownership ExperienceImpact on Implementation Level of innovation Policy direction

Timeline Key tasks DevelopingtimeframesIssue Short term? Long term? How realistic? Criteria Nature of the problem Political pressure Level of consultation New Issues Impact on Implementation Project or strategies focus Adequacy of resources

Promotion Key tasks MarketingIssue Communication channel Audience identification Alerting stakeholders to policy existence Selling policy Getting feedback Criteria Type of policy Nature of policy instruments (coercive or non coercive) Complexity of issue Impact on Implementation Suits the problem Cost

Assure Mechanism of Enforcement & Accountability Key tasks Enforcement and AccountabilityIssue Ensuring authorized policy is implemented Mechanisms of enforcement (agent, reporting process etc) Coordination Legal issues etcCriteria Choice of policy instrument Agency seniority Political priority Impact on Implementation Prevent redefinition of problem Reporting processes Performance indicators

Evaluation Key tasks Review Outcomes Issue Assessment criteria ProcessesTimeframesCriteria Nature of issue MeasurabilityImpact on Implementation RenewalModification

Enforcement Failure Sometimes policies are unsuccessful due to enforcement failure.Sometimes policies are unsuccessful due to enforcement failure.

Reasons for Enforcement Failure Resource ConstraintsResource Constraints Enforcing the policy would be too costly due to the number of staff or administrative requirements Enforcing the policy would be too costly due to the number of staff or administrative requirements

Reasons for Enforcement Failure Inappropriate implementation strategyInappropriate implementation strategy Overly complex policy strategies can lead to failure in delivery of a policy. Overly complex policy strategies can lead to failure in delivery of a policy. CAUSEEFFECT Over complex strategies that weakens the cause and effect link FailureOfPolicy

Reasons for Enforcement Failure Wrong Implementation OrganizationWrong Implementation Organization Sometimes the chosen agency is inappropriate for the task because: Sometimes the chosen agency is inappropriate for the task because: a)No prior experience b)Mismatch between agency’s expertise and culture with that of stakeholder’s. c)No operational expertise

Reasons for Enforcement Failure Inappropriate Choice of Policy InstrumentInappropriate Choice of Policy Instrument Example: Smoking issue Example: Smoking issue

Reasons for Enforcement Failure Communication MistakesCommunication Mistakes Failure to communicate to implementing agencies, developers of policy instrument, or due to incorrect interpretation of the policy Failure to communicate to implementing agencies, developers of policy instrument, or due to incorrect interpretation of the policy

Reasons for Enforcement Failure Operational ImpracticalityOperational Impracticality Inadequate resources; inadequate training of implementation agents; delay in operations (and the nature of problem has changed); failure to plan implementation sequence Inadequate resources; inadequate training of implementation agents; delay in operations (and the nature of problem has changed); failure to plan implementation sequence