The Electrocardiogram By Jessica, Zahid & Scott

What is Electrocardiography? It is the method of monitoring and recording the electric currents generated during alternating contractions of the atria and ventricles of the heart

What is an EKG? An EKG is a device used that monitors and records impulses or signals given off by the heart An EKG is a device used that monitors and records impulses or signals given off by the heart To trace these Signals electrodes are placed on your body in areas where it is easiest to measure To trace these Signals electrodes are placed on your body in areas where it is easiest to measure The most common of these places are your two wrists, your right ankle and your chest The most common of these places are your two wrists, your right ankle and your chest When these results are recorded on the computer or paper, doctors can determine their patients health When these results are recorded on the computer or paper, doctors can determine their patients health

Waveforms In the EKG, the paths of the electrical impulses are followed throughout the heart and then broken down into three waveforms In the EKG, the paths of the electrical impulses are followed throughout the heart and then broken down into three waveforms The P wave runs through the atria The P wave runs through the atria The QRS complex runs through both the atria and ventricle The QRS complex runs through both the atria and ventricle and the T wave which runs through the ventricles and the T wave which runs through the ventricles

P wave, QRS complex and T wave The P wave is an atrial contraction The P wave is an atrial contraction If it is longer then.2 seconds, If it is longer then.2 seconds, it could indicate first degree heart blocks The QRS complex is composed of the atrial relaxation and the ventricle contraction The QRS complex is composed of the atrial relaxation and the ventricle contraction It is usually 0.06 to 0.10 seconds long. It is usually 0.06 to 0.10 seconds long. Any longer duration indicates an abnormal condition The T wave is the ventricular relaxation The T wave is the ventricular relaxation

When is an EKG used? If the hearts natural signal is interrupted, delayed or sent down a wrong path disorders such as Angina, Palpitations, & Syncope can occur If the hearts natural signal is interrupted, delayed or sent down a wrong path disorders such as Angina, Palpitations, & Syncope can occur Therefore an EKG can be used to detect beginning symptoms of a heart problem yet it can not determine the exact problem until other tests and other machines are used Therefore an EKG can be used to detect beginning symptoms of a heart problem yet it can not determine the exact problem until other tests and other machines are used

The Process of Making the EKG 1.Used Computer Program (CAD) 2.Used Printed Circuit boards 3. Soldering 4. LabView Computer program

Basic Electronics Elements used to create a circuit: What is a Circuit? The complete path between two or more electrical components The complete path between two or more electrical components associated with charged particles Electricity: Energy associated with charged particles : Flow of electricity (amperes) Current: Flow of electricity (amperes) : Amount of electrical force to move the current through the circuit Voltage: Amount of electrical force to move the current through the circuit (volts)

Resistors: Opposes the flow of electricity and takes away the electrical energy away from the circuit, as heat. (Ohm is unit of resistance) Resistors: Opposes the flow of electricity and takes away the electrical energy away from the circuit, as heat. (Ohm is unit of resistance) Printed Circuit Board: Connects all the electrical components together Printed Circuit Board: Connects all the electrical components together Integrated Circuit Chip (IC Chips): Specific circuit that has been miniaturized to fit into a small package. Integrated Circuit Chip (IC Chips): Specific circuit that has been miniaturized to fit into a small package. -Operational-Amplifier (Op-Amp) -Operational-Amplifier (Op-Amp) Basic Electronics (2)

Basic Electronics (3) : Capacitors: Unit of capacitance is the Farad (F) Unit of capacitance is the Farad (F) Purpose of capacitors in the EKG is to act like filters Purpose of capacitors in the EKG is to act like filters

Soldering Techniques Soldering is done on the bottom layer of the board Soldering is done on the bottom layer of the board Parts like the capacitors, resistors & wires, all have to be soldered onto to the circuit board Parts like the capacitors, resistors & wires, all have to be soldered onto to the circuit board

What is an Amplifier? In a Speaker: Amp in a speaker increases the sound wave Amp in a speaker increases the sound wave When referring to a EKG: Purpose of a Amplifier is to see the voltage difference across the heart Purpose of a Amplifier is to see the voltage difference across the heart Increases the signal enough in the EKG so that we can see it. Increases the signal enough in the EKG so that we can see it. Inside an Amp

What Actually happens in the EKG? Analog Signal: Voltage that changes over time Analog Signal: Voltage that changes over time Deals with the two Inputs, (both of the arms) Deals with the two Inputs, (both of the arms) Differential Amplifier is the most important part of EKG since they take the difference between the two inputs and multiply it by the gain Differential Amplifier is the most important part of EKG since they take the difference between the two inputs and multiply it by the gain

LabVIEW A Graphical Computer Language which includes symbols rather than writing out lines of programming text A Graphical Computer Language which includes symbols rather than writing out lines of programming text Based in a Graphical Programming Interface Based in a Graphical Programming Interface Used LabVIEW to communicate with the EKG Used LabVIEW to communicate with the EKG Displays the EKG signal and calculates heart rate Displays the EKG signal and calculates heart rate It can communicate with several input/output devices used commonly in the medical field It can communicate with several input/output devices used commonly in the medical field

The Digital Logic System Based on binary number coding: Based on binary number coding: The use of only ones and zeros Makes use of devices which alter Makes use of devices which alter information to reach desired outcomes; known as “ands,” “ors,” and “nots”

Parts of the Digital System Within a typical digital system, different parts are placed along the circuit; one of these parts is known as an “and.” Requires the input of two ones in order to produce an output of one, as its name infers Requires the input of two ones in order to produce an output of one, as its name infers

Parts of the Digital System Another part of the digital logic system is the “or,” which also adjusts information to the preference of the user Similar to the and by receiving a dual input and bearing a single output Similar to the and by receiving a dual input and bearing a single output As it name implies, it will give an output of one if it receives just a single one As it name implies, it will give an output of one if it receives just a single one

Parts of the Digital System A third part of the system is known as a “not.” This device simply inverts the input it receives to the opposite number This device simply inverts the input it receives to the opposite number Can be added on to ands and ors to make “nands” and “nors” Can be added on to ands and ors to make “nands” and “nors”

Relation of the Digital Logic System to the EKG Digital logic technology is used in various parts of the EKG, allowing it to function as desired The microprocessor of the EKG allows for analog to digital conversion of the electrocardiogram information The microprocessor of the EKG allows for analog to digital conversion of the electrocardiogram information

Additional Parts of the EKG The isolator is a very crucial EKG part, as it insures the safety of the patient The isolator is a very crucial EKG part, as it insures the safety of the patient This electrical separation eliminates any possibility for the patient of getting electrocuted This electrical separation eliminates any possibility for the patient of getting electrocuted

Additional Parts of the EKG Another part, the serial converter, functions by amplifying the digital range produced by the microprocessor Another part, the serial converter, functions by amplifying the digital range produced by the microprocessor Increases voltage range from (0 to 5)  (-10 to 10) Increases voltage range from (0 to 5)  (-10 to 10) This allows for the data to be read by the computer’s serial port This allows for the data to be read by the computer’s serial port

We Would Like To Thank… Dr. Enderle Chris Liebler Chris Liebler James Hart Naomi Thonakkaraparayil Francisco Rodriguez Francisco Rodriguez Randy Trumbower Randy Trumbower Kevin O’Connor Heather Spottiswoode Joseph Renzulli William Berkley Desi Nesmith

Work Cited

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