AIM: How can we describe the basic characteristics of plants? Do Now: Name all the plants you saw today H.W.Read pages and do questions 1-5 on 245.

List The 5 Characteristics of Plants 1.They perform photosynthesis to make GLUCOSE. 2.Can NOT move from place to place. 3.They have CELL WALLS for support. 4.They are MULTICELLULAR and have SPECIALIZED tissues. 5.Must have LIGHT, CO 2, H 2 O, O 2, and minerals.

What is VASCULAR TISSUE?? -tubelike cells that transport food & water through a plant. How does vascular tissue help a plant? - allows plants to be large organisms since it enables them to transport important nutrients from one part of a plant to another.

What are the 2 kinds of vascular tissue? 1.XYLEM 1.XYLEM – carries H 2 o from roots (zylum) to leaves. 2.PHLOEM – FOOD from leaves to (flowum) roots and vice versa.

What are the 2 kinds of plants? Vascular = TRACHEOPHYTES = plants that have roots, stems and leaves. Ex: trees, grasses 2. Non-vascular = BRYOPHYTES= plants WITH NO roots, stems, or leaves. ex: mosses

Aim: How can we describe Roots, Stems, and Leaves? Do Now: 1.Hand in HW. 2.Describe some characteristics of Plants. H.W.: Read pgs do questions 1-5 on 251 and 1-5 on 260

What is a ROOT?? -organs of vascular plants (usually below ground). What are the FUNCTIONS of a root? 1.Anchor a plant to the ground 2.Collect water & minerals from the soil 3.Store food, vitamins, minerals

What are the 2 KINDS OF ROOTS? 1.TAP ROOT – large slender root used to store food Ex: carrot, radish, dandelion 2. FIBROUS ROOT – long branching roots. Ex: trees, grass

ROOT TIP DIAGRAM: 1.ROOT HAIR – absorbs H 2 O 2.CORTEX – stores food 3.EPIDERMIS – protective layer 4.ROOT CAP – protects root tip 5.PHLOEM – carries food 6.XYLEM – carries H 2 O up to leaves 7.GROWTH REGION – dividing cells, area of growth.

Cross Section of a root

What is a STEM? -organ which connects roots & leaves. FUNCTIONS: -supports leaves for light -Stores food -Contain vascular tissue to transport food & water.

What are the TYPES OF STEMS? 1.HERBACEOUS -soft, green, flexible -live 1-2 years -can do photosynthesis ex: grass, tulips, weeds 2.WOODY -hard, brown, rigid -live many years -cannot do photosynthesis ex: shrubs, trees

What are the rings in a tree trunk? -layers of old xylem cells. -New xylem is formed every year by the CAMBIUM **Rings do not form in herbaceous stems.

What is a LEAF? -plant organ that produces food (glucose) by photosynthesis. LEAF DIAGRAM: 1.CUTICLE – waxy layer, prevents H 2 O loss 2.EPIDERMIS –clear,protective layer of cells 3.PALLISADE LAYER-most photosynthesis occurs here; cells w/lots of chloroplasts 4.SPONGY LAYER-little photosynthesis here 5.VEIN – vascular tissue (xylem & phloem) 6.STOMATE – pore for gas exchange 7.GUARD CELLS – open & close stomates

How do plants make their own food? -by photosynthesis -They use CHLOROPHYLL (green pigment) to trap light energy and store the energy in glucose. What is the formula for photosynthesis??? CO 2 +H 2 O+ sunlight+chlorophyll+enzymes ----  C 6 H 12 O 6 +O 2 +H 2 O

How does the plant get the reactants? CO 2 – enters leaf thru stomates H 2 O – roots absorb it & xylem carries it to leaf LIGHT – from the sun ENZYMES & CHLOROPHYLL are made by the cells in the leaf.

What does the plant do with the products? GLUCOSE – broken down for energy by mitochondria during respiration OXYGEN + WATER are excreted through the stomates.

What is the relationship b/w photosynthesis & respiration? THEY ARE OPPOSITES!... -respiration releases energy while -Photosynthesis stores energy How are the reactants different? respiration – glucose & O 2 photosynthesis – energy, CO 2, H 2 O

How are the products different? resp. – energy, CO 2, H 2 O photosyn. - glucose & O 2 Where do they occur in the cell? resp. occurs in the mitochondria of ALL cells. photosyn. occurs in the chloroplasts of SOME leaf cells. Resp. = C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + energy Photosyn = CO 2 + H 2 O + light C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 +H 2 O energy

What is a TROPISM??? -growth of a plant in response to a stimulus. ** caused by plant hormones called AUXINS

What are some plant tropisms?? Phototropism = growth in response to light Geotropism = growth in response to gravity Hydrotropism = growth in response to water Thigmotropism = growth in response to touch

What is a POSITIVE tropism? -growth toward the stimulus What is a NEGATIVE tropism? - growth away from a stimulus

How do plants reproduce asexually? -plants use spores OR roots, stems, or leaves to reproduce ASEXUALLY What are SPORES? -reproductive cells produced by MITOSIS Which plants use spores? Moss & ferns

What is VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION? -reproducing new plants from vegetative structures (roots, stems, leaves) of a plant. TYPES: 1) Bulb – short underground stem surrounded by fleshy leaves. - contain stored food & can form new plants Ex: onions, tulips, lillies

2) Runners – horizontal stem that grows along the surface of the ground. - where stem touches soil it can form a new plant Ex: strawberry plants, grasses 3) Tuber –swollen portion of underground stem with buds or “eyes” - new plant develops from eye ex: potato, yams

4) Rhizome – underground stem that produces new plants. Ex. Grass, iris 5) Cuttings – leaf which can produce roots Ex: ivy, geranium 6) Grafting – combining the parts of 2 different plants.

How do plants reproduce sexually? - Plants produce sperm and egg in special structures called cones and flowers What is a cone? - Reproductive structure with overlapping scales. Male Cone = small, produce pollen (sperm) Female Cone = large, produce egg and seeds Conifers = plants that use cones -most have needles - EX: Pine tree

What is a FLOWER? Reproductive structure of most plants Parts and functions 1. STIGMA- sticky catches pollen 2. STYLE- Supports the stigma 3. OVARY - becomes the fruit 4. OVULE- produces the egg 5. EGG- becomes the seed 6. POLLEN - holds sperm 7. ANTHER - produces pollen 8. FILAMENT - supports the anther 9. PETAL - attracts insects with color and odor 10. SEPAL - protects the “bud” 11. STEM - supports the flower

The pistil is the complete female part of the flower (stigma, style, ovary, ovule, egg) The stamen is the complete male part of the flower (anther, filament, pollen) 3 Types of Flowers 1. Complete - contains both male and female parts 2. Incomplete - has either male or female parts 3. Compound - has many sets of parts

What is POLLINATION? - The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma How??? - When wind, water, or animals carry pollen from flower to flower

What is cross POLLINATION? Pollen is transferred from one flower to another flower

What is self POLLINATION? -a complete flower transfers Pollen to its own stigma

Exploring Fruit Where do seeds come from? With your partner, make observations about your fruit Once you’ve gathered enough info, walk around and share your information with two other groups Why is there so much diversity among all these fruits?

What is FERTILIZATION? The Uniting of a pollen grain (sperm) with an egg.

Pollination to fruit development in a flower 1. Pollination - pollen transfer to a stigma

After Pollination…. 2. Pollen/Sperm make a tube to the egg 3. Fertilization occurs and the flower petals wither 4.The seed and ovary develop 5.The ovary ripens

Bud on the end of a stem.

The Bud is beginning to open.

Still opening.

Almost there.

Just a little more.

The flower petals are about to emerge.

You can see the red petal well now

Several buds with red petals

The petals begin to unfold.

You can now see the sexual parts in the flower.

Can you Identify the sexual parts of the flower.

The pollen makes a tube down to the ovary and the petals fall off.

Fertilization occurs and the flower’s petals wither completely away.

The seed and ovary Develop.

Still developing….

The Fruit begins to ripen.

You can start to tell that it is an apple.

Notice the seeds in the apple ready to be dispersed.

Why are the seeds encased in fruits, which we eat? Why is the seed casing (hard shell) built so tough? What other types of food have seeds in them? (What do squirrels eat?) SUMMARY

What is SEED DISPERSAL? -Moving the seeds away from the parent plant. -Why would you want to move the seeds away from the parent plant? -How?????

Wind Dandelion seeds

More Wind Dispersion. Maple seeds.

Animals raspberry, cherries

Water Coconut Seeds

What is GERMINATION? The growth of a seed into a plant Stages of germination: 1. Seed sprouts a root and pushes up through the soil 2. The cotyledon feeds the plant 3. Leaves form and develop 4. The cotyledons wither away

What are ANNUALS? Live for one year - dandelion What are BIENNIALS? Live for two years - celery What are PERENNIALS? Live for many years - trees

What is a MONOCOT? Seed with one cotyledon - grass, corn What is a DICOT? Seed with 2 cotyledons

Differences in monocots and dicots: